Mariam
Yacoub
a,
Sarah
Koops
b,
Panagiota
Axelithioti
a,
Claudia
Caltagirone
c,
Emily R.
Draper
d,
Cally J. E.
Haynes
e,
Charlotte K.
Hind
f,
Marion
Kieffer
g,
Larissa K. S.
von Krbek
h,
Anna J.
McConnell
bi,
Sarah J.
Pike
j,
Anna G.
Slater
k,
Jennifer R.
Hiscock
*a and
Jennifer S.
Leigh
*a
aUniversity of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, UK. E-mail: J.R.Hiscock@kent.ac.uk; J.S.Leigh@kent.ac.uk
bChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
cUniversity of Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy
dUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
eUniversity College London, London, UK
fUKHSA – Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, Salisbury, UK
gIndependent researcher, Zurich, Switzerland
hKekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Bonn, Germany
iUniversity of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
jUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
kUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
First published on 30th April 2025
Being in the first generation to access Higher Education (First Gen) is a barrier to academic success. First Gens face difficulties transitioning into, completing, and attaining competitive grades in undergraduate studies despite intervention strategies. Triangulating data across studies, we reveal the unique challenges resulting from being First Gen in science and show how these persist at every stage of a career in academia. We propose that invitation practices, i.e. behaviors that encourage, guide, and/or affirm others, need to be intentionally directed towards First Gens throughout their career journey to successfully support their retention and progression in science. As First Gens are overrepresented in other intersectionally marginalised groups, such actions will contribute to building a more inclusive and diverse scientific community.
While there is a plethora of advice for would-be academics in general,19,20 few studies have been conducted that specifically focus on building a career in science.21 There is a notable gap in the literature when it comes to developing academic identity and a successful career in science, particularly for underrepresented groups. In addition, there are a range of disciplinary specific challenges that cannot be generalised. For example, thriving as a successful scientist almost always demands continuing study in the form of graduate degree(s).21 Postgraduate (PGR) study is known to be a period that is particularly challenging to navigate for individuals from groups historically underrepresented in academia.22 A scientist seeking to obtain an academic scientific position must normally obtain a PhD, followed by securing post-doctoral researcher position(s), fellowship(s), and/or successfully obtain grant funding23,24 in addition to maintaining a stellar record of research publications and collaborations to achieve success.25 There are well recognised barriers for women,26 Black,27 those with a minority racial and/or ethnic background,28 disabled,29 and LGBTQIA+30 scientists. It is no surprise that underrepresented groups report feeling isolated, suffer from imposter syndrome, and feel they do not belong.28,31 Given the overrepresentation of First Gens within these groups, individuals are likely to experience compounding intersectional barriers to achieving academic success.32 However, due to the conflation in many studies of being First Gen and being an individual with protected characteristics, the barriers specific to being First Gen for those wanting to establish or continuing an academic career in science are less understood.
Retention and progression of underrepresented groups in science is essential to achieve a diverse and inclusive scientific community.33–35 To support retention and progression of First Gens within science, it is essential to first understand the distinct ways in which First Gen scientists perceive and experience intersectional barriers to building their research career. From this unique vantage point, we can determine what is needed to build a more inclusive scientific community. Within the study presented, we seek to:
(1) Understand the unique ways in which First Gen scientists perceive and experience intersectional barriers to building their career and development;
(2) Identify features necessary for successful support interventions introducing the notion of ‘invitation’ as a practice for the continued support of First Gens throughout their academic careers.
Herein, we present findings from a semi-systematic review of literature on First Gen chemists and scientists together with the first data on a mixed cohort of researchers across multiple career stages involving over 300 international scientists who predominantly identified as supramolecular chemists. Supramolecular chemistry is a somewhat unusual field within chemistry as it encompasses physical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.36 In addition, supramolecular chemistry is adjacent to other physical science and bioscience disciplines,37–39 and collaboration and movement between these disciplines is common.40,41 As such, supramolecular chemistry can be viewed as a microcosm of scientific disciplines and representative of some of the more challenging conditions for retention and progression of underrepresented groups. Our sample had an overrepresentation of participants who identified as having one or more protected characteristic(s) (36%), and an overrepresentation of women across all career stages. Women are generally considered to be underrepresented in chemistry and science and this underrepresentation is known to increase with career stage.42
(1) First Gen experiences of building a career in scientific research;
(2) Identification and inclusion of challenges specific to First Gens in science as part of intersectional inclusion and support initiatives.
In contrast, the key areas of interest identified through inductive and reflexive thematic analysis of the background literature included general barriers experienced by First Gens, a lack of capital or knowledge, and a lack of support and/or access to resources (Tables S3 and S4†). A survey, Study 2, was subsequently designed to explore how these key areas of interest were experienced by the scientific community.
“I didn't really think about this in the beginning. Only when I started my PhD.” First Gen, man, LCR, white.
Others owned their First Gen identity completely:
“It means a lot to me and is a thing of pride/joy” First Gen, woman, PGR, black.
For many, the idea of being First Gen was complicated, or they were conflicted about their status (Fig. 2). When categorising participants in our analysis, five were labelled First Gen as their parents had not successfully completed a course of Higher Education study. The sixth, who said he was the first to study chemistry, was not.
Having identified the complex nature of First Gen identity, we report and discuss our findings under three broad themes:
(1) Capital;
(2) Barriers, with sub-themes,
(a) Financial burden,
(b) Isolation,
(c) Imposter syndrome;
(3) Access, with sub-themes,
(a) Invitation,
(b) Community.
Study 2 data showed First Gens are 10% more likely than non-First Gens to say they had no support at all– from family or elsewhere. Unsurprisingly, First Gens were also 26% less likely to say they had family support than non-First Gens (Table S8c†). This lack of family support was not found to be significantly compounded by gender, having a protected characteristic, caring responsibilities or moving country (Table S8d†). One respondent said:
“I have felt slightly disadvantaged or like I am a step behind everyone else as I can't really go to my parents for advice or help as they don't fully understand the higher education system or how it works etc. So I've had to spend a lot of time finding out this information myself, which obviously puts me behind other people who have people in their life that have been through the university experience.” Study 2, First Gen, PGR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
While others used family networks to receive support from university faculty:
“I went to talk to a professor at the chemistry Dep because my dad knew her personally” Study 2, non-First Gen, MCR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
“I remember my PI bringing his son to work along with us in the laboratory so that he could have his first experiences in the lab.” Study 3 participant.
Non-First Gens described how family networks supported them emotionally and financially:
“[In response to sources of support] My bank account my parents did for my studies” Study 2, non-First Gen, UG, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
“My parents encouraged me to apply to University” Study 2, non-First Gen, PGR, man, white, cares for parents.
The advantages of social and cultural capital can manifest in many areas of academic life such as being pre-exposed to the academic environment or having confidence navigating the systems and social networks necessary for career advancement. A deficit of social and cultural capital can lead to intense feelings that last throughout even a successful scientific career:
“My whole career has been a surprise- I have landed on my feet so far, but not because I knew what I was aiming for!” Study 2, First Gen, LCR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
Being First Gen often intersects with lower socioeconomic backgrounds, leading to a demonstrable discomfort and lack of capital around ‘middle class’ social interactions as well as research specific activities:
“The whole thing, start to finish. Trying to understand influence networks, the old boys club, how funding works, social interaction in the middle class, etc.” Study 2, First Gen, ECR, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
As seen in Study 1, current research on or with First Gens is skewed towards UG or PGR cohorts and their experiences of transitioning into Higher Education. Here, we show that the landscape, networks, and environment in scientific research can be equally difficult to navigate for First Gens throughout their career. A full Professor shared:
“I am still learning the nuanced ways the career of others can be advanced by a strong pedigree and a good mentor (who advocates and promotes their former co-workers). The majority of careers in the field spring forth from a relatively small number of (big) groups, and having never been part of this can feel quite isolating sometimes. If the field is a river, those main currents are quite distant, and being a first generation researcher is akin to being a small pool on the bank. One spends an inordinate amount of time clearing boulders and debris in an attempt to become an acknowledged part of the main flow.” Study 2, First Gen, LCR, man, white, cares for a child/children.
Overall, the data captured and generated as a result of our embodied inquiry supports and extends understanding of how a lack of social and cultural capital can be linked to barriers around networking, guidance and expectations, accessing resources, and feeling isolated or alone in Higher Education and research environments.
When asked explicitly about the barriers First Gens might face, two-thirds of non-First Gen participants either did not provide an answer or indicated that they did not feel there were significant challenges for this group. Of the non-First Gens who did understand there were particular challenges for First Gens, 86% were postgraduate or undergraduate students. This indicates awareness of the unique experiences of First Gens amongst people early in their careers in Higher Education and science:
“I believe they had to work against more[,] most likely. Rather than being assumed to go into a bachelors or graduate degree, they likely had to motivate themselves to continue through it despite family potentially feeling like it is unnecessary or a waste of time.” Study 2, non-First Gen, PGR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
However, we believe that unless they are themselves First Gen, many senior scientists with the authority and resources to support, guide, or mentor early career researchers are likely to remain largely unaware of barriers for this group.
“I was worried when I got to college I would be out of my league.” Study 2, First Gen, MCR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
We also found a significant correlation between feelings of isolation and feelings of imposter syndrome, though imposter syndrome was more widespread across the sample. Whilst the majority of expressions of imposter syndrome (72%) were from First Gens, non-First Gens were not exempt from feeling as though they did not belong (see Fig. 3c). In all, 23% of First Gens spoke about feeling like an imposter, compared to 2% of non-First Gens. Participants in both Studies 2 and 3 used terms such as “exposed’ and “not good enough” to describe academic life. Workshop participants from Study 3 reflected on their experiences (see Fig. 3d). One participant wrote “you had to be part of the “club” in this group (to get a chance to speak at meetings for example)”. The use of the word ‘club’ emphasises the experience of being an outsider without an invitation to join the exclusive inner circle who are afforded additional respect or privilege. They continued: “Women or members of other marginalised groups would have a harder time breaking in.” The phrase ‘breaking in’ implies a wall, barrier, or separation that must be overcome if individuals are to participate fully, even within a research group. Similar sentiments are seen in another participants' drawing showing individuals (un)intentionally denied access to an institution or identity through a building housing figures with the same shape head with others excluded. First Gen participants shared a unique sense of isolation resulting from a lack of family support, understanding, or other supportive networks:
“Understand that many of us do not have networks of friends and supporters in what we do. Many of us also carry heavy financial burdens into careers if from poorer backgrounds, so self-funding internships, conferences and events is often impossible.” Study 2, First Gen, ECR, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
“There's no one in your immediate family whom you can look up to” Study 3.
“Have to figure out everything alone” Study 3.
It is well documented that supportive familial and/or social networks and interactions are vital for well-being.69,70 Given the level of isolation First Gen participants described experiencing, it is likely they will encounter significant negative impacts on their wellbeing and mental health throughout their career.
Interestingly, when it came to accessing resources, we found men were 12% less likely to use online resources than women and other minoritized genders. This could be connected to the additional barriers and increased feelings of isolation experienced by women in science: Women are less likely to be credited for their contributions in science.71 They are less likely to be confident even when they are competent,72 and with fewer role models to look up to and be guided by, it makes sense they would be more likely to source resources online than risk being seen as incompetent or needing help. However interestingly, we found no relationship between being First Gen and accessing resources online. Being First Gen is a hidden identity, and unless explicitly disclosed, it would not necessarily be obvious from the outside. In Study 2, First Gens frequently expressed experiencing inadequate guidance and lack of expectations as they described persisting in and completing study, or progression through an academic career. They used phrases including “never encouraged”, “clueless” and “I hadn't considered continuing down the academic route”.
As seen in the sub-theme ‘financial burdens’, a lack of access to information and opportunities compounds other barriers. Our analysis has led us to believe that the key to understanding and addressing disparities between the experiences of First Gens and their non-First Gen counterparts is recognizing that First Gens experience a deficiency of invitation behaviors compared to their non-First Gen counterparts.
“My mentor supported me in pursuing a PhD” Study 2, non-First Gen, MCR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
“University careers advice centre and members of the university lab I worked in after my degree (because I did a vacation placement in a uni lab)” Study 2, non-First Gen, LCR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
In other words, these individuals were ‘invited’ onto the pathway of a career in scientific research, which emphasises the positive influence of invitations and interactions with faculty. This also highlights how much more common it is for non-First Gens to access the kind of positive relationship with a faculty member that will facilitate an invitation both into and then within Higher Education. Being ‘invited’ when a student is in secondary education is incredibly influential.73 It is well established that invitation behaviours, although not defined as such, are key for encouraging underrepresented groups to progress into Higher Education.74–76 Teachers are recognised as significant players in raising the science capital of their students.77 Invitation makes people aware of their potential, affirms their capabilities and aspirations, and directs them towards opportunities and resources to guide their journey. Our data corroborate these findings. Many First Gens described invitation behaviours from teachers and education practitioners in their secondary education that positively influenced their choices, see Fig. 5.
In addition, our data demonstrates how First Gens were successfully supported transitioning into science and Higher Education through invitation behaviours that allowed them to build self-confidence and develop capital. However, when reflecting past this transition point, there was little mention of invitation behaviours. We propose intentionally implemented invitation behaviours within Higher Education practiced throughout the academic career is the key to providing targeted support for First Gens and other underrepresented groups in science. Intentional invitation behaviours will increase the chances of First Gens and other underrepresented groups to initially pursue and later thrive in a career in scientific research. Our conceptualisation of ‘invitation’ requires the inviter to be embedded in academia. However an ‘invitation’ can take many forms. It might be asking an UG student if they have considered graduate study, and/or pointing them towards scholarship opportunities. It could be a group leader ‘inviting’ a post-doctoral fellow to consider applying to a fellowship or lectureship, or a post-doctoral fellow complimenting the research abilities of a PhD student and encouraging them to continue, alerting them to opportunities to do so. For anyone wanting to practice invitation behaviours, thoughtful consideration and reflection on unconscious bias is vital to ensure particular demographics or groups are neither prioritised nor neglected. These practices must reach beyond immediate circles of colleagues and be intentionally targeted towards historically underrepresented groups to help create a more diverse and inclusive scientific community.
“Use your network, your chosen family for help if you don't have it in your family.” Study 2, First Gen, ECR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
“Networking is your friend and will only help you in your future endeavours. The more people you interact with in the field the more you can develop working relationships for example working with others on a project or getting ideas and thoughts from them” Study 2, non-First Gen, PGR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
Guidance is essential to navigate career progression in scientific research, with the positive impact of mentors for underrepresented groups26 well recognized (see Fig. 6):
![]() | ||
Fig. 6 Quotes from participants reflecting on their experiences of having mentors and guidance. Quotes provided by First Gens are shown in orange, those provided by non-First Gens are shown in green. |
“My grad student that I worked with and my undergraduate research mentors helped me with choosing a grad school. My dissertation mentors helped me with a postdoc and career choice. My parents and now spouse always supported me. My PhD advisor sometimes was like “ok if that's what you really want to do - I'll help.” Study 2, First Gen, MCR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
“I needed a mentor that would explain their career journey, offer other career paths and introduce me to other people they may know on other career paths for me to meet and question.” Study 2, First Gen, ECR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
“Get mentors---several of them and listen!” Study 2, First Gen, MCR, woman, Black, no caring responsibilities.
Networks and mentors are particularly key for First Gens who lack social and cultural capital and are unable to access information through family networks. Study 2 participants advised other First Gens to establish their own networks if they did not already have them:
“Contact people already in the system, postgraduate students, academics, support staff. People are typically very happy to help or provide advice. If you don't feel confident approaching such people, write them an email.” Study 2, First Gen, ECR, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
Communities and networks provided opportunities to share lived experiences with people who had been through something similar. They provided safer spaces to connect and helped ameliorate feelings of isolation and loneliness:
“A safe space to ask questions, guidance on the different paths available within academia- and also information about alternative career paths.” Study 2, First Gen, LCR, woman, white, no caring responsibilities.
“Understand that it will be extremely overwhelming at first, but it really does get better with time. You'll get used to how the system works and what's expected of you over time. Having a routine and keeping a list of all of your responsibilities and expectations definitely helps” Study 2, First Gen, PGR, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
“You are not alone. You are not the only one” Study 2, First Gen, LCR, man, white, no caring responsibilities.
Not all community has to be academic. Despite many First Gens reporting feeling alienated and alone because their families did not understand the challenges they faced, many others spoke of strong support systems and pride from their families, akin to pride associated with other marginalisations. Whilst a lack of capital meant families were unable to share information or set expectations about Higher Education, First Gens gained emotional support and encouragement as they persevered through studies and careers (Fig. 7). One Study 3 participant drew an image of interlocking hearts, labelling it “interlocked emotionally e[heart] catenane”. A catenane is a supramolecular molecule consisting of two or more interlocking macrocycles– in this case represented by the two interlocking hearts.
![]() | ||
Fig. 7 Quotes and an illustration highlighting First Gen reflections and expressions of pride, including a ‘catenane’ shaped as two interlocking hearts. |
Communities and networks are also vital for raising awareness about the hidden needs of underrepresented groups. This research stems from and was supported by the international Women in Supramolecular Chemistry (WISC) network. WISC itself grew from peer support established by a small group of women who felt isolated, to become an international community with its own mentoring programme and community events.44 Within Study 2, participants were asked how initiatives (specifically WISC) could support First Gens. Many responses mentioned the positive impact of raising awareness:
“Raising awareness that academic careers are a greater challenge for 1st generation scientists is already a great start and I very much appreciate it, since so far I think barely any colleagues have considered this fact. This might partially be related that most of them actually came from families with at least one member having academic background. I hope in future this initiative will lead to additional support in terms of funding for scientists in later career steps or at least provide early guidance to 1st gen students in terms of what they are going to face and how they should be prepared for this.” Study 2, First Gen, MCR, man, white no caring responsibilities.
“The more conversations we have and the more people involved the better” Study 3, online noticeboard.
“WISC could organize seminars to mentor specifically 1st Gen supramolecular chemists or guest edit a special issue!” Study 2, non-First Gen, MCR, woman, cares for a child/children.
Raising awareness is necessary while people still remain unaware of the specific challenges facing groups such as First Gens, for example the isolation due to a lack of family support and the obstacles to accessing guidance and resources such as mentors:
“I do not think there are disadvantages as long as they (First Gens) have supporting mentors and families” Study 2, non-First Gen, MCR, woman, white, cares for a child/children.
As previously discussed, positive influences and guidance from mentors and communities are known to be of particular benefit to First Gens and other underrepresented groups.26,44 However, our data indicate a clear disparity between the experiences of First Gens and their non-First Gen counterparts when it comes to the ability of First Gens to identify, access, and use support from networks, communities and mentors to benefit their career.
The overrepresentation of First Gens in other underrepresented groups means effective, targeted, and intersectional interventions from individuals at established events such as conferences could help build a more inclusive scientific community. Intervention is needed to address First Gens' lack of access to the guidance, resources, supportive networks and mentors that facilitate feelings of belonging, career satisfaction, retention, and progression. Given the impact of invitation behaviours for initiating First Gens into Higher Education, practicing simple, affirmative, and intentional invitation behaviours towards First Gens and other underrepresented groups should become commonplace for all people working within scientific research. Feeling ‘invited’ by mentors and to networks throughout an academic career offers the best chance for progression and success. However, invitations must be personal or come from a supportive community, not be a ‘tick box’ approach. Successful mentoring requires a mentor invested in their mentee's success. Successful networks facilitate authentic connections and a sense of belonging to a community. Both ameliorate the feelings of isolation and imposter syndrome endemic in First Gens and other underrepresented groups.
In order to initiate the cultural changes that are needed to diversify chemistry and science, action needs to come from professional bodies and Higher Education institutions as well as individuals. As a first step, raising awareness and recognising the impact being First Gen can have on progression and careers is vital. Acknowledging the existence of different types of barriers immediately extends discourses around diversity and inclusion to include groups who might not conventionally be considered to be marginalised (such as white men from low socio-economic backgrounds). Similarly, widening access to initiatives that have been implemented to support specific groups will embrace intersectional identities. Secondly, it is important that institutions and professional societies practice scaled-up invitation practices. They can do this by taking responsibility for inviting and welcoming individuals into different spaces without assuming that everyone knows what to do or how to behave. Clearly stating what is expected without a sub-text or ‘hidden handbook’ known only to those familiar with academia would help First Gens and other underrepresented groups make the most of academic conferences, talks, question and answer sessions, open days, or social events. Institutions and professional societies can easily facilitate the expansion of people's existing academic networks and relevant knowledge and therefore play a role in raising social and cultural capital for students and faculty at all stages of their career. Invitation practices are a simple yet potentially transformational means to facilitate inclusion so everyone has the opportunity to achieve success within the chemical sciences.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: This includes more detail including definitions of First Gens, ‘Underrepresented Minorities’, the concepts of belonging, capital, the theoretical and methodological approach, details of study methods, and raw data collected from literature, surveys and workshops. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sc00205b |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2025 |