Shu-Qing Lv‡
a,
Peng-Zhao Han‡b,
Xiao-Juan Zhang*c and
Guang-Sheng Wang*b
aSchool of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, PR China
bSchool of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 1000191, PR China. E-mail: wanggsh@buaa.edu.cn
cCollege of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China. E-mail: zhxiaojuan@btbu.edu.cn
First published on 23rd September 2021
Magnetic metal nanocrystals tend to be advanced microwave absorption substances as they possess simultaneous dielectric and magnetic losses. In this study, the metallic cobalt (Co) nanocrystals with a pine needle-like nanostructure constructed by one-dimensional Co nanorods have been successfully prepared through the polyol approach. By regulating the amount of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), rGO/Co nanocomposites with different mass ratios were acquired. Experimental results demonstrate that the rGO/Co nanocomposites display excellent microwave attenuation capacity. The minimum reflection loss value can reach −57.8 dB at 12.43 GHz with a filler loading of 20 wt% at 1.8 mm. Moreover, the effective absorption bandwidth covers the frequency range of 4.2–15.5 GHz with an integrated thickness of 1.5–4.0 mm. The main absorption mechanisms include dielectric loss caused by dipole and interfacial polarization and magnetic loss arising from ferromagnetic resonance and eddy current loss. In addition, the special nanostructure effect is also beneficial to improve the EM wave absorption performance.
In recent decades, magnetic materials such as ferrites, magnetic oxides and magnetic metals have been extensively applied in the EM wave absorption area as they possess simultaneous dielectric and magnetic losses. For instance, Shanenkov et al.9 synthesized the hollow ferritic microspheres via the plasma dynamic method. Their experimental results demonstrated that the hollow magnetic microspheres exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RL) value of −36 dB and ultra-wide effective absorption bandwidth of 11.9 GHz at only 2 mm. Lv et al.10 fabricated porous 3D flower-like Co/CoO and found that the heat treatment temperature had a significant effect on their EM wave absorption properties. The optimal RL value reached −50 dB when the annealing temperature was 400 °C. In addition, Che et al.11 studied the microwave absorption performance of hierarchical CoNi microflowers of different sizes and discovered that the 2.5 μm CoNi microflowers obtained the minimum RL value of −28.5 dB at 6.8 GHz, while the 0.6 μm flowers achieved a broader absorption bandwidth (6.5 GHz). Other magnetic nanomaterials such as MnFe2O4 nanoparticles,12 Fe microflakes,13 Co3O4 nanoparticles14 and porous heterogeneous Fe7Co3/ZnO nanosheets,15 have all turned out to be ideal microwave absorption candidates.
It is well known that combining dielectric/magnetic constituents and appropriate nanostructures is an effective strategy which can implement their synergistic effects to obtain more superior absorbents.16 To date, graphene-wrapped nanomaterials with special nanostructures such as a NiFe2O4 hollow particle/graphene hybrid,17 flower-like BiFeO3 microspheres/graphene nanocomposites,18 and thorny Ni nanowires/graphene aerogel19 have proved to own preferable microwave absorption ability. Among these excellent microwave absorption materials, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials enable changes in the electronic structure and energy band structure due to the edge and directional transmission effects, thus effectively improving their electromagnetic characteristics.20,21 In addition, 1D nanomaterials have great directional anisotropy, which can overcome the disadvantage of low magnetic permeability at high frequencies.22 Compared with other nanostructures, 1D nanostructural materials possess an excellent aspect ratio. It is found that under the excitation of electromagnetic waves, 1D nanomaterials can provide longer channels for the dissipation and transformation of current, which is conducive to the further consumption of electromagnetic energy.23,24
Herein, our group has synthesized metallic pine needle-like Co nanocrystals that are constructed by Co nanorods and then compounded with a rGO and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix to investigate their microwave attenuation capacities. The experimental results indicate that the mass ratio of rGO/Co and filler loading play a vital role in determining the EM wave absorption performance of rGO/Co/PVDF composites. Compared with the Co/PVDF composites, the rGO/Co/PVDF composites exhibit optimum microwave absorption properties with strong reflection loss intensity (RLmin = −57.8 dB, 12.43 GHz, 1.8 mm) and a broad absorption bandwidth that covers 11.3 GHz under a filler loading of 20 wt% at 1.5–4.0 mm when the mass ratio of rGO/Co reaches 1:4. The excellent attenuation abilities of rGO/Co/PVDF composites are a result of the combination of dielectric and magnetic losses.
Fig. 1 (a) and (b) SEM images, (c) TEM image of pine needle-shaped Co nanocrystals; (d) TEM image and SAED image of individual Co nanorods. |
In order to explore the formation mechanism of magnetic Co, Fig. 2 exhibits the SEM images of pine needle-shaped Co nanocrystals under different reaction time periods. It is known that the precursor salt RuCl3 is reduced by 1,2-butanediol to form heterogeneous nanospheres at the beginning of the reaction.27,28 Moreover, it can be observed that the unreacted cobalt laurate nanoparticles aggregate on the surface of these nanospheres. As the reaction progresses, the Ru nuclei begins to be nanocrystallized. When the Ru nuclei with an appropriate size appears, the Co nanoparticles start to reduce and gather on the surface of the Ru nuclei. However, the nanorod structure of Co nanoparticles is not obvious at the initial stage (Fig. 2b). With the further extension of the reaction time, due to the different growth rate of each crystal face of the hexagonal close-packed phase, the growth rate along the c-axis is significantly faster, which makes the nanorod-like structure more obvious and the aspect ratio increases continuously. As a result, the pine needle-shaped Co nanocrystals can be clearly observed (Fig. 2c and d).
Fig. 2 SEM images of Co nanocrystals under different reaction times: (a) 20 min; (b) 40 min; (c) 60 min and (d) 80 min. |
To verify the crystal structure of the as-synthesized Co nanocrystals, Fig. S1† demonstrates their XRD pattern. The diffraction peaks at 2θ = 41.7°, 44.78°, 47.6°, 62.7° and 75.9° corresponding to the (100), (002), (101), (102) and (110) planes, which are assigned to the hexagonal close-packed phase of Co (JCPDS no. 05-0727). After compounding with rGO nanosheets, the XRD pattern of rGO/Co nanocomposites is almost the same as that of Co nanocrystals, indicating the addition of rGO has no effect on the crystal structure of the magnetic Co. Moreover, the diffraction peak of GO powder at ∼10° disappears in the XRD pattern of rGO/Co nanocomposites demonstrating that the GO has been reduced effectively (Fig. 3b). From the SEM images of the rGO nanosheets and rGO/Co nanocomposites shown in Fig. 3a and c, the Co nanocrystals can be coated by rGO nanosheets and the pine needle-like morphology still retained. To verify the dispersion of rGO/Co nanocomposites in the PVDF matrix, the cross sectional FESEM images of the rGO/Co/PVDF membrane and EDS elemental mappings of Co and C elements manifest that the rGO/Co nanocomposites were uniformly dispersed into PVDF.
To evaluate the EM wave absorption efficiency, the reflection loss (RL) values are calculated by the following theoretical formula based on the transmission line theory:29,30
(1) |
(2) |
Apart from the mass ratio of rGO/Co, the filler loading and simulation thickness can also influence the microwave attenuation capacity to a large extent. Fig. 5 shows the RL curves of rGO/Co/PVDF composites (rGO/Co = 1:4) at 1.5–5.0 mm within filler loadings of 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt% and 25 wt%. The results indicate that the filler amount and thickness are able to regulate the microwave attenuation capacity effectively. It is clear that the optimal filler loading is still 20 wt%. Furthermore, it can be summarized by comparing the results of Fig. S2–S6† that the additive amount of rGO nanosheets have obvious influence on the microwave absorbing properties of rGO/Co/PVDF composites. The higher the doping amount of rGO, the smaller the loading amount of rGO/Co with best absorbing performance. Moreover, with the increase in thickness, the absorption peak shifts to the low frequency region due to the one-quarter wavelength theory.31
Fig. 5 The RL values for rGO/Co/PVDF composites (rGO/Co = 1:4) under different filler loadings: (a) 10 wt%; (b) 15 wt%; (c) 20 wt% and (d) 25 wt% within different thicknesses. |
In order to explore the wave absorption mechanism of rGO/Co/PVDF composites, the EM parameters of these samples synthesized under different mass ratios of rGO/Co at the same loading (20 wt%) were investigated and the results are shown in Fig. 6. In general, the ε′ and μ′ represent the storage capability of electric and magnetic energy, respectively, while ε′′ and μ′′ are related to the ability of dissipating the EM energy.32 It is observed that with the increase in the loading ratio of rGO, the ε′ values augment obviously, which proves that rGO could to improve their dielectric performance due to the interfacial polarization effect derived from the pine needle structure and rGO nanosheets. In addition, both of the ε′ and ε′′ values for rGO/Co/PVDF composites increase distinctly with the increase in the filler loading, but they are all larger than that of Co/PVDF composites, indicating that the existence of rGO can improve their dielectric polarization ability and dissipative capacity effectively. However, the addition of rGO did not significantly affect the μ′ and μ′′ values, suggesting that the effects of rGO on the magnetic loss is limited (Fig. 6, S7 and S8†).
In general, the tangent of dielectric loss (tanδε = ε′′/ε′) and magnetic loss (tanδμ = μ′′/μ′) refer to dielectric loss and magnetic loss ability, respectively. In Fig. 6e and f, it is notable that the tan δε values are larger than tan δμ values in 2–18 GHz, demonstrating that the dielectric loss is predominant for rGO/Co/PVDF composites. For Co/PVDF composites, it can be observed that the tanδμ values are larger than tanδε values in 2–8 GHz, while the tanδμ values are smaller than tanδε values in 8–18 GHz. The results show that the magnetic loss is predominant at lower frequency, while the dielectric loss is predominant at higher frequency, because of which the Co/PVDF composites display dual-peak absorption characteristics (Fig. S8e and f†). The dielectric loss mainly arises from the dipole polarization formed by Co nanocrystals and rGO itself, and multiple interfacial polarization among rGO, Co and PVDF. The magnetic loss for magnetic rGO/Co nanocomposites mainly includes ferromagnetic resonance and eddy current effect.33 The eddy current loss is characterized by C0 = μ′′(μ′)−2f−1. If the magnetic loss is attributed to the eddy current loss, C0 will remain constant.34 As shown in Fig. S9,† the C0 values almost remain unchanged from 6 to 18 GHz, demonstrating that the eddy current loss exists in this frequency range.
Briefly, the efficient microwave absorption of the rGO/Co/PVDF composite is caused by simultaneous dielectric and magnetic losses. Fig. 7 displays the possible EM wave absorption mechanisms of rGO/Co/PVDF hybrids. Apart from the dielectric loss derived from dipole orientation polarization and multiple interfacial polarization and magnetic loss caused by ferromagnetic resonance and eddy current loss, the pine needle-like Co nanocrystals provide more reflection and scattering active sites for incident EM waves. On the other hand, this special structure can make full use of the advantages of electron transport and supply a longer current dissipation and conversion channel, which is convenient for further dissipation of EM energy by extending their transmission path.35
Footnotes |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06050c |
‡ These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 |