Lingxi Lia,
Zhe Lib,
Zongmin Weic,
Weichao Yud and
Yan Cui*d
aSchool of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, China
bChina Resources Double-Crane Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 100102, Beijing, China
cSchool of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, China
dSchool of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, China. E-mail: cuiyan_13@126.com
First published on 17th February 2020
Tannin addition as an enological practice has been widely used in the winemaking process because of their ability of improving the aroma and sensory characteristics and stabilizing of color of red wine. In this study, hydrolysable, condensed tannins and their mixtures in different ratios were added into two Merlot wines to investigate their effect on the wine overall quality. The contents of 15 phenolic compounds were detected by HPLC-DAD, CIELAB color parameters were measured using a chromatic aberration meter, sensory evaluation was accomplished using the assessment standards established by the American Wine Association, and antioxidant activities were analyzed using DPPH and ABTS radical tests. The results indicated that adding tannins affected phenolic composition, contents and color of wine. The specific effects varied by tannins. Furthermore, tannin addition, especially the mixed tannins, improved the sensory qualities and antioxidant activities greatly. The mixed tannins added with a ratio of 1:1 between hydrolyzable and condensed tannins exhibited a better effect on both sensory qualities and antioxidant activities, and it could be recommended as an ideal tannin addition for wine quality improvement.
Studies have been conducted for the effect of addition of enological tannins on wine sensory quality.4,7,14,15 The effect on the addition of enological tannins on the color and pigment composition of red wines made from Vitis vinifera L. cv Tempranillo grapes was studied by García-Estévez et al.14 The results showed a higher formation of anthocyanin-derived pigments was observed in the red wines containing the exogenous enological tannin. Moreover, these wines showed lower lightness (L*) values and higher chroma values than control wines, indicating a higher stabilization of color. Neves et al.4 reported that the addition of grape seed tannins had obvious effects of increasing color intensity and antioxidant activity only in the wines poor in polyphenols. Chen et al.7 investigated effects of pre-fermentative addition of enological tannins on wine color, anthocyanins, volatile compounds and sensorial properties. Results indicated that tannin treatments significantly improved wine aroma complexity and sensorial properties. However, the concentration of some stable pigments was negatively affected by tannin addition. Rinaldi et al.15 found that after 1 year aging with enological tannins, there was no increase in the intensity of wine astringency, but an improvement of mouthfeel sensations was achieved with wood-derived tannins. On the other hand, several research studies have indicated that the addition of commercial enological tannins to wines could be less effective to improve the wine sensory quality.5,12,16 For example, with addition of 200 mg L−1 of white grape seed tannins post-fermentation to Cynthiana, no significant increase in total phenolics and little color differences in wine were found.17 The reason for these results is probably due to the low quality or insufficient amount of enological tannins applied. The type of tannins added and the loss of these tannins during the winemaking process could be another possible explanation for the marginal effect of additional tannin on wine quality.4 Furthermore, the amount of tannin added should be carefully considered, because over-adding exogenous enological tannins may result in a dramatic decrease of total phenolic concentrations after alcoholic fermentation and negatively affect mouthfeel and wine structure.13
Although there are a large number of commercial tannins available on the market and they are reported to might improve some certain characteristics of finished wines, there is little information about their effect on wine overall quality. In this work, considering the characteristic of hydrolysable and condensed tannins, the mixture of both enological tannins, were utilized to study the specific influence of tannin adding on wine overall quality, including wine color, tasting characters, and antioxidant activities for two Merlot wines.
Proanthocyanidin dimer B1, B2 and B2-3′-O-gallate (B2-3′-O-G), trimer C1 and anthocyanin malvidin-3-O-glucoside were extracted and purified (with purity > 95%) as our previous methods.18–20
Chemicals used for wine total polyphenols, flavones, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins analyses, and all organic solvents used for sample preparation (analytical grade) and HPLC analysis (chromatographic grade) were purchased from Chemical Branch of Shandong Yuwang industrial Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China).
One hydrolysable tannin sample was provided from Proenol Industria Biotecnologica Lda., another condensed tannin sample was provided from Biocrático Lda. (Portugal). Two Central Valley red wines from Chile (RWA, 2015; RWB, 2016) were selected for this study.
Y = 77.97X − 0.3605, r2 = 0.9992 |
Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used to determine the total flavonoid content of the wine samples with little modifications.22 Rutin was used as the standard for a calibration curve. The total flavonoid content was calculated using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve:
Y = 0.8918X + 0.0512, r2 = 0.9995 |
Total proanthocyanidin content was equivalent calculated by (+)-catechin and the regression equation obtained from the standard curve as follows:
Y = 1.7107X + 0.0389, r2 = 0.9990 |
Total anthocyanins were determined using the pH differential method.23 Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (c3g) with a molar extinction coefficient of 26900 and molecular weight of 449.2 was used as the standard and the results expressed as milligrams of c3g equivalents per liter.
Samples | Addition of TAN HT (g L−1) | Addition of TAN CT (g L−1) |
---|---|---|
a HT, hydrolysable tannin; CT, condensed tannin. | ||
X-Control | 0 | 0 |
X-MIX1 | 0.27 | 0.30 |
X-MIX2 | 0.41 | 0.15 |
X-MIX3 | 0.14 | 0.45 |
X-TAN HT | 0.55 | 0 |
X-TAN CT | 0 | 0.60 |
Sensory evaluation of the red wines with different tannin addition was implemented by 15 professionals who had acquired WSET (Wine & Spirit Education Trust) Level 3 certification. Sample wines were prepared in duplicate and were completed blind tasting in two rounds within 30 minutes. Wine evaluation chart (Fig. 1) of the American Wine Association (AWS) was used as a guideline for the tasters, which was scored from five factors including wine appearance, aroma/bouquet, taste/texture, aftertaste and overall impression.24 The final results were given based on the average scores.
Samples | TP (mg L−1) | TFO (mg L−1) | TA (mg L−1) | TAC (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a TP, total polyphenols; TFO, total flavonoids; TA, total proanthocyanidins; TAC, total anthocyanins. | ||||
RWA | 1281 | 2416 | 1567 | 81.54 |
RWB | 1196 | 2498 | 1736 | 72.73 |
Compound | Castalin | Gallic acid | Vescalagin | Castalagin | B1 | Catechin | Vanillic acid | Caffeic acid | B2 | Epicatechin | B2-3′-O-G | C1 | Mv-3-O-glu | Polydatin | Ellagic acid | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a B1, procyanidin B1; B2, procyanidin B2, B2-3′-O-G, procyanidin B2-3′-O-G; C1, procyanidin C1; Mv-3-glu, malvidin-3-O-glucoside. Statistical analysis was conducted on RWA and RWB respectively. Different letters in a column indicated significant differences at P < 0.05; statistically, a, b, c, d, e, and f followed the values indicating significant differences among these values. | ||||||||||||||||
RWA (mg L−1) | Control | — | 40.19 ± 0.15f | — | — | 63.99 ± 0.04f | 23.00 ± 0.03f | 7.17 ± 0.05c | 11.28 ± 0.01c | 55.57 ± 0.14d | 13.57 ± 0.02f | 5.49 ± 0.04f | — | −50.03 ± 0.04a | 2.90 ± 0.06c | 7.59 ± 0.03de |
MIX1 | 7.78 ± 0.11c | 47.53 ± 0.01c | 10.56 ± 0.08c | 20.53 ± 0.15c | 70.98 ± 0.12c | 37.41 ± 0.21c | 6.96 ± 0.04d | 11.20 ± 0.02d | 59.79 ± 0.21c | 27.06 ± 0.12c | 18.98 ± 0.06a | 5.56 ± 0.08c | 48.70 ± 0.05d | 3.07 ± 0.11c | 7.93 ± 0.11c | |
MIX2 | 10.74 ± 0.07b | 50.18 ± 0.13b | 15.65 ± 0.12b | 25.65 ± 0.01b | 67.44 ± 0.07d | 29.90 ± 0.05d | 5.69 ± 0.01f | 10.99 ± 0.01e | 48.06 ± 0.14e | 20.06 ± 0.08d | 11.98 ± 0.04c | 6.39 ± 0.11a | 47.92 ± 0.01f | 2.89 ± 0.03c | 8.01 ± 0.03b | |
MIX3 | 4.18 ± 0.04d | 44.84 ± 0.05d | 8.47 ± 0.02d | 7.68 ± 0.01d | 75.28 ± 0.05b | 50.47 ± 0.14b | 7.38 ± 0.03b | 11.87 ± 0.03b | 72.03 ± 0.31b | 37.16 ± 0.07b | 8.77 ± 0.03d | 4.73 ± 0.05d | 49.52 ± 0.02b | 3.25 ± 0.01b | 8.38 ± 0.02a | |
TAN CT | — | 43.99 ± 0.07e | — | — | 79.45 ± 0.05a | 63.97 ± 0.35a | 7.44 ± 0.04a | 12.75 ± 0.03a | 86.3 ± 0.44a | 48.97 ± 0.12a | 12.75 ± 0.11b | 6.074 ± 0.05b | 48.41 ± 0.02e | 3.34 ± 0.02a | 7.55 ± 0.08e | |
TAN HT | 13.79 ± 0.14a | 57.68 ± 0.22a | 23.01 ± 0.08a | 33.75 ± 0.07a | 64.97 ± 0.05e | 23.80 ± 0.09e | 6.84 ± 0.04e | 10.79 ± 0.04f | 43.18 ± 0.09f | 13.72 ± 0.02e | 5.64 ± 0.06e | — | 49.38 ± 0.09c | 2.86 ± 0.05c | 7.60 ± 0.06d | |
RWB (mg L−1) | Control | — | 37.39 ± 0.15f | — | — | 37.44 ± 0.02f | 19.24 ± 0.04f | 6.28 ± 0.01c | 12.85 ± 0.03c | 32.67 ± 0.09d | 8.53 ± 0.09f | — | — | 40.95 ± 0.18a | 3.13 ± 0.03d | 7.15 ± 0.04c |
MIX1 | 8.17 ± 0.06c | 44.35 ± 0.01c | 11.80 ± 0.03c | 20.62 ± 0.18c | 53.37 ± 0.18b | 34.35 ± 0.08c | 5.92 ± 0.02d | 12.03 ± 0.11e | 43.33 ± 0.33a | 22.56 ± 0.07b | 5.86 ± 0.11e | 3.91 ± 0.01d | 40.46 ± 0.11c | 3.78 ± 0.11c | 6.69 ± 0.08d | |
MIX2 | 11.39 ± 0.03b | 50.77 ± 0.11b | 15.09 ± 0.21b | 25.99 ± 0.23b | 43.28 ± 0.08d | 30.06 ± 0.14d | 5.05 ± 0.03f | 12.25 ± 0.01d | 36.35 ± 0.25b | 17.91 ± 0.06c | 8.16 ± 0.01d | 5.67 ± 0.07b | 40.69 ± 0.04b | 4.81 ± 0.06b | 6.79 ± 0.17d | |
MIX3 | 6.29 ± 0.11d | 42.54 ± 0.09e | 6.36 ± 0.01d | 7.98 ± 0.01d | 46.70 ± 0.08c | 53.08 ± 0.21b | 6.85 ± 0.04a | 15.38 ± 0.06a | 34.00 ± 0.11c | 13.65 ± 0.11d | 9.23 ± 0.04b | 4.94 ± 0.05c | 41.10 ± 0.11a | 3.75 ± 0.08c | 7.77 ± 0.07a | |
TAN CT | — | 43.81 ± 0.01d | — | — | 55.99 ± 0.33a | 60.59 ± 0.45a | 6.35 ± 0.05b | 14.31 ± 0.01b | 34.00 ± 0.04c | 38.30 ± 0.05a | 10.87 ± 0.06a | 6.44 ± 0.11a | 40.69 ± 0.09b | 4.81 ± 0.02b | 6.46 ± 0.03e | |
TAN HT | 13.26 ± 0.01a | 54.66 ± 0.09a | 23.95 ± 0.11a | 29.08 ± 0.13a | 40.95 ± 0.04e | 20.72 ± 0.21e | 5.49 ± 0.03e | 11.66 ± 0.02f | 27.77 ± 0.17e | 10.67 ± 0.07e | 8.26 ± 0.01c | — | 40.72 ± 0.03b | 4.91 ± 0.01a | 7.20 ± 0.01b |
Tables 4 and 5 presented the effect of tannin addition on chromatic characteristics of red wines. From Table 4 it can be seen clearly that there was no significant difference between hydrolysable and condensed tannins added individually into RWA on color parameters. However, compared with control, after tannin addition, hydrolysable or condensed tannin had significant effect on lightness (L*) and color difference (ΔE*). Tannin mixture 2 and 3 showed significant difference and increasing on parameters a* and h* compared to control, which meant the redness shifted up and tended to be brick red or reddish brown. Hydrolysable tannin adding led to the decrease of value b*, which brought to the reduce of yellowness of wine. As to the value of parameter c*, there was a significant difference between tannin mixture 3 and others, so that RWA with the addition of tannin mixture 3 presented a stronger color saturation.
Addition | L* | a* | b* | c* | h* | ΔE* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a Different letters in a column indicated significant differences at P < 0.05; statistically, a, b, and c followed the values indicating significant differences among these values. | ||||||
Control | 19.10 ± 0.09b | 5.29 ± 0.43c | 5.41 ± 0.12ab | 7.58 ± 0.38bc | 57.52 ± 0.25b | 8.27 ± 0.12a |
MIX1 | 19.11 ± 0.11b | 5.20 ± 0.10c | 5.46 ± 0.04ab | 7.54 ± 0.06bc | 57.42 ± 0.08b | 8.24 ± 0.12a |
MIX2 | 19.07 ± 0.10b | 6.11 ± 1.16ab | 5.50 ± 0.10ab | 8.26 ± 0.93ab | 58.00 ± 0.72a | 8.57 ± 0.33a |
MIX3 | 19.19 ± 0.03b | 6.59 ± 0.42a | 5.69 ± 0.02a | 8.72 ± 0.32a | 58.24 ± 0.27a | 8.56 ± 0.12a |
TAN HT | 20.18 ± 0.41a | 4.77 ± 0.56c | 5.02 ± 0.21c | 6.92 ± 0.32c | 57.36 ± 0.08ab | 7.14 ± 0.37b |
TAN CT | 20.17 ± 1.23a | 5.55 ± 0.87bc | 5.23 ± 0.51bc | 7.64 ± 0.92bc | 57.81 ± 0.18ab | 7.29 ± 1.16b |
Addition | L* | a* | b* | c* | h* | ΔE* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a Different letters in a column indicated significant differences at P < 0.05; statistically, a, b, c, and d followed the values indicating significant differences among these values. | ||||||
Control | 18.07 ± 0.03b | 4.89 ± 0.77a | 5.23 ± 0.18a | 7.13 ± 0.55a | 57.37 ± 0.56a | 9.24 ± 0.12a |
MIX1 | 18.26 ± 0.20b | 3.62 ± 0.28bc | 5.16 ± 0.05a | 6.31 ± 0.17bc | 56.47 ± 0.15c | 8.93 ± 0.20ab |
MIX2 | 18.08 ± 0.10b | 3.79 ± 0.08bc | 5.25 ± 0.03a | 6.48 ± 0.06bc | 56.47 ± 0.06c | 9.11 ± 0.10a |
MIX3 | 17.82 ± 0.20b | 4.26 ± 0.40ab | 4.26 ± 0.09a | 6.65 ± 0.19ab | 56.93 ± 0.38b | 9.40 ± 0.23a |
TAN HT | 19.41 ± 1.13a | 3.86 ± 0.25bc | 4.44 ± 0.47b | 5.38 ± 0.52d | 56.33 ± 0.15c | 7.86 ± 1.12c |
TAN CT | 19.01 ± 1.23a | 3.41 ± 0.87c | 4.75 ± 0.51b | 5.86 ± 0.92cd | 56.68 ± 0.18bc | 8.27 ± 1.16bc |
As in the case of RWA, it can be seen from Table 5, that there was no significant difference between hydrolysable and condensed tannins added individually into RWB on color parameters. However, compared to control, after tannin addition, hydrolysable and condensed tannins both showed significant difference on each color parameter, so that the addition of hydrolysable or condensed tannin had significant effect on the color of wine. Although hue angle decreased after tannin mixture 1, 2 and 3 addition, there was no significant effect on lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), and color difference (ΔE*). Only tannin mixture 1 and 2 had certain effect on redness (a*) and chroma (c*).
After tannin added, correlation analysis between color attributes and phenolic compound contents in red wine was listed in Table 6. There was significant positive correlation between L* and procyanidin B1, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, respectively. Color parameter a* and c* was significantly positive correlated with procyanidin B1, B2, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and ellagic acid, respectively, and significantly negative correlated with polydatin. Color parameter b* was significantly positive correlated with procyanidin B2, malvidin-3-O-glucoside and ellagic acid, respectively, and significantly negative correlated with polydatin. Color parameter h* was significantly positive correlated with procyanidin B1, B2, vanillic acid, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and ellagic acid, respectively, and significantly negative correlated with polydatin. There was no significant correlation between color difference (ΔE*) and the contents of the 15 determined phenolic compounds. The results showed that procyanidin B1, B2, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, polydatin and ellagic acid were the main substances which impacted the color of wine. Procyanidins and anthocyanin exerted effect on the wine color could be related to the widely reported facts that flavanol–anthocyanin combination could effectively improve wine color stability.25,29 Except for procyanidins, phenolic acids and ellagic tannins were also involved in the copigmentation of red wine,30 that might be the reason why the components of hydrolysable tannin had impacts on the color parameter of wine. Polydatin belongs to stilbenes and is the precursor of resveratrol.31 Although, there are rare studies about the effect of polydatin on wine color, stilbenes and resveratrol were reported being related to wine color.32,33 A significant negative correlation between the resveratrol content and b* value was found by Zou et al.,32 and the result was similar to that between polydatin and b* in this study. According to our knowledge, it is the first time that a correlation was studied between polydatin and wine color parameter. The specific effect remains to be further studied. In sum, tannin addition had effect on wine color, and their influence was the result of the interaction of various compounds. However, no certain variation tendency was observed in this study.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | L* | a* | b* | c* | h* | ΔE* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a **Correlation is signicant at the 0.01 level; *correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. 1 = castalin; 2 = gallic acid; 3 = vescalagin; 4 = castalagin; 5 = procyanidin B1; 6 = catechin; 7 = vanillic acid; 8 = caffeic acid; 9 = procyanidin B2; 10 = epicatechin; 11 = procyanidin dimers B2-3′-O-G; 12 = procyanidin C1; 13 = malvidin-3-O-glucoside; 14 = polydatin; 15 = ellagic acid. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 0.884** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | 0.976** | 0.919** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
4 | 0.983** | 0.896** | 0.967** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
5 | −0.199 | 0.041 | −0.162 | −0.133 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
6 | −0.457 | −0.287 | −0.488 | −0.501 | 0.455 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
7 | −0.551 | −0.372 | −0.501 | −0.548 | 0.678* | 0.463 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
8 | −0.436 | −0.494 | −0.513 | −0.549 | −0.359 | 0.614* | 0.076 | 1 | |||||||||||||
9 | −0.364 | −0.171 | −0.328 | −0.314 | 0.894** | 0.471 | 0.698* | −0.266 | 1 | ||||||||||||
10 | −0.435 | −0.161 | −0.406 | −0.395 | 0.700* | 0.842** | 0.448 | 0.16 | 0.727** | 1 | |||||||||||
11 | 0.113 | 0.229 | 0.058 | 0.133 | 0.57 | 0.499 | 0.184 | −0.051 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 1 | ||||||||||
12 | −0.098 | −0.081 | −0.212 | −0.107 | 0.383 | 0.734** | −0.017 | 0.331 | 0.33 | 0.678* | 0.695* | 1 | |||||||||
13 | −0.074 | 0.128 | −0.020 | −0.012 | 0.861** | 0.032 | 0.663* | −0.590* | 0.752** | 0.29 | 0.328 | −0.021 | 1 | ||||||||
14 | 0.177 | 0.197 | 0.174 | 0.120 | −0.567 | 0.154 | −0.607* | 0.42 | −0.517 | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.174 | −0.762** | 1 | |||||||
15 | 0.073 | 0.066 | 0.091 | 0.037 | 0.596* | 0.051 | 0.557 | −0.314 | 0.551 | 0.075 | 0.322 | 0.043 | −0.095 | −0.686* | 1 | ||||||
L* | 0.076 | 0.472 | 0.212 | 0.147 | 0.671* | 0.12 | 0.427 | −0.493 | 0.543 | 0.422 | 0.304 | −0.122 | 0.676* | −0.273 | 0.306 | 1 | |||||
a* | −0.184 | −0.112 | −0.137 | −0.165 | 0.705* | 0.063 | 0.55 | −0.419 | 0.717** | 0.266 | 0.197 | 0.083 | 0.819** | −0.760** | 0.876** | 0.381 | 1 | ||||
b* | −0.181 | −0.146 | −0.165 | −0.067 | 0.585* | −0.12 | 0.22 | −0.627* | 0.619* | 0.295 | 0.112 | 0.157 | 0.631* | −0.574 | 0.381 | 0.187 | 0.687* | 1 | |||
c* | −0.25 | −0.23 | −0.251 | −0.22 | 0.715** | 0.127 | 0.543 | −0.352 | 0.729** | 0.307 | 0.197 | 0.223 | 0.785** | −0.789** | 0.799** | 0.219 | 0.953** | 0.786** | 1 | ||
h* | −0.316 | −0.194 | −0.274 | −0.286 | 0.751** | 0.178 | 0.644* | −0.311 | 0.730** | 0.354 | 0.182 | 0.131 | 0.826** | −0.803** | 0.808** | 0.411 | 0.969** | 0.669* | 0.951** | 1 | |
ΔE* | −0.119 | −0.514 | −0.246 | −0.192 | −0.553 | −0.08 | −0.360 | 0.446 | −0.429 | −0.351 | −0.269 | 0.187 | −0.560 | 0.169 | −0.149 | −0.975** | −0.190 | −0.050 | −0.031 | −0.228 | 1 |
Sensory evaluation (score) | Total scores | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appearance, 3 Max | Aroma and bouquet, 6 Max | Taste and texture, 6 Max | After taste, 3 Max | Overall impression, 2 Max | ||||||||
RWA | RWB | RWA | RWB | RWA | RWB | RWA | RWB | RWA | RWB | RWA | RWB | |
Control | 2.0 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 14.8 | 14.6 |
MIX1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 15.7 | 17.0 |
MIX2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 15.2 | 15.6 |
MIX3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 13.9 | 15.6 |
TAN HT | 2.3 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 15.4 | 14.9 |
TAN CT | 2.3 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 15.5 | 15.0 |
Overall, the wine added hydrolysable tannin tasted astringent and bitterness which consistent with the sensory properties of ellagitannins.34,35 The wine added condensed tannin exhibited more astringent, which might be due to the high content of proanthocyanidins in the condensed tannins. Cheynier et al.36 reported that proanthocyanidins with 4–6 linkages bound more readily to proteins and possibly are more astringent than the smaller molecular weight flavanols. The tannin added might cause a reaction with polyphenolic compounds in wine. One involves acetaldehyde-mediated condensation between flavanols leading to molecules referred to as ethyl-bridged flavanols.37 Vidal et al.38 verified that ethyl-bridged flavanols, provided they were present in sufficient quantity in wine, could contribute astringency to wine through their flavanic composition as do the proanthocyanidins and additionally could increase bitterness. The wines with tannin mixture 1 adding combined the characteristics of both hydrolysable and condensed tannins, with rich flavor, balanced body, longer finish and well qualities. In summary, tannin added could improve the sensory qualities of wines especially the mixture tannins. Some studies reported the similar results. Parker et al.12 found a slight increase in astringency by addition of grape seed extract and Kovac et al.39 found an increased taster preference for wines with added seeds.
Addition | DPPH clearance rate | ABTS clearance rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
RWA (%) | RWB (%) | RWA (%) | RWB (%) | |
a Different letters in a column indicated significant differences at P < 0.05; statistically, a, b, c, and d followed the values indicating significant differences among these values. | ||||
Control | 37.47 ± 2.85d | 38.68 ± 1.90c | 34.74 ± 1.50c | 33.18 ± 1.69d |
MIX1 | 46.59 ± 1.67a | 44.63 ± 1.91ab | 38.41 ± 1.47b | 44.38 ± 2.52b |
MIX2 | 42.16 ± 1.44bc | 46.51 ± 0.74a | 38.38 ± 1.20b | 42.39 ± 2.57b |
MIX3 | 43.28 ± 1.43b | 40.38 ± 1.40c | 43.94 ± 2.02a | 42.37 ± 1.35b |
TAN HT | 40.72 ± 1.74c | 39.98 ± 0.91c | 36.70 ± 1.73b | 37.55 ± 1.08c |
TAN CT | 42.16 ± 0.73bc | 43.30 ± 2.32b | 37.21 ± 2.27b | 49.61 ± 1.45a |
Stepwise multiple regression model was used and the β coefficient of each constituent was analyzed to evaluate the contribution of single phenolic compound to antioxidant capacity. For DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity values, vescalagin, castalagin, procyanidin C1 and polydatin showed positive contributions with the regression β coefficient of 0.514, 0.739, 0.452 and 0.500, respectively. There was no significant correlation between other compounds and the antioxidant activites. Tannins are complex compounds and their antioxidant capacities mainly originate by large amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups and electron-donating groups at benzene ring. Researchers have confirmed that both condensed and hydrolysable tannins possessed strong antioxidant activities and their structure–activity relationship was elucidated.40–43 Structure–activity studies for monomeric and polymeric phenolic compounds showed that 4 moles of radical were scavenged per-substituted diphenol group.44 Zhang and Hou45 inferred that condensed tannin with ECG structure exhibited stronger antioxidative activity than ellagic tannin based on the approach of computational chemistry. Zalacain et al.46 found that the antioxidant activity of ellagic tannin was higher than condensed tannin with (−)-epicatechin structure. Therefore, based on our results, the wine added mixture of both condensed and hydrolysable tannins showed a better antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the chemical synergy of the action of multiple compounds of tannin and phenolic compound might also affect the antioxidant activity of wine with tannin addition.47 Although, it was concluded that tannin addition had obvious effect of increasing antioxidant activity in this study, Neves et al.4 reported that the addition of grape seed tannins had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity only in the wines poor in polyphenols. More different types of wine and tannin should be considerable and applied in further study.
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