Chao Yuana,
Hong-Xia Yangb,
Yu-Hua Guoc,
Lin Fand,
Ying-Bo Zhanga and
Gang Li
*b
aTropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences CATAS, Haikou 571101, People's Republic of China
bDepartment of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China. E-mail: gang.li@qdu.edu.cn; Tel: +86-532-8299-1172
cShandong Drug and Food Vocational College, Weihai, Shandong 264210, People's Republic of China
dWeihai Vocational College, Weihai 264210, People's Republic of China
First published on 2nd September 2019
Four new α-pyrones, hypotiens A–D (1–4), were isolated from a fungal endophyte, Hypoxylon investiens J2, harbored in the medicinal plant Blumea balsamifera. Their structures were determined through detailed HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1–4 are new α-pyrone derivatives containing an unusual dimethyl substitution in the highly unsaturated side chain. Their plausible biosynthetic pathway was discussed. Biological assay indicated that compounds 1–4 showed no antimicrobial, quorum sensing inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities. The specific side chain in α-pyrone derivatives 1–4 might be responsible for the weak pharmacological activities.
From the endophytic fungus Chaetomium sp. IFB-E015 living in the leaves of Adenophora axilliflora, an unprecedented alkaloid, chaetominine containing an unusual alanine-derived δ-lactam ring, was isolated and structurally elucidated.6 It exhibited more potent cytotoxicity to the human colon cancer SW1116 and leukemia K562 cell lines than the positive drug 5-fluorouracil, and has received considerable attention from chemists and biologists in the field of total synthesis and biological investigations.6–8 Papeo and co-workers reported a total synthesis of chaetominine based on a straightforward (nine steps) sequence and found that this compound exhibited negligible cytotoxic activities on several cancer cell lines.9 Rhizoctonia solani, an endophyte isolated from the medical plant Cyperus rotundus, was discovered to biosynthesize a degraded and rearranged steroid, solanioic acid with an unprecedented carbon skeleton.10,11 It showed significant antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, especially the problematic human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 1 μg mL−1.10 The healthy plant Paris polyphylla contained an endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor.12 Its chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and purification of a highly oxygenated cyclopiazonic acid-derived alkaloid, aspergilline E.12 This compound has a new hexacyclic 6/5/6/5/5/5 scaffold and displayed significant biological activities, including anti-virus and cytotoxicity.12
As part of an ongoing program aimed at finding biologically active natural products from endophytic fungi,13,14 Hypoxylon investiens J2 as a fungal endophyte, was isolated from the medicinal plant Blumea balsamifera. Chemical investigation on its rice cultures led to the isolation of four new α-pyrone derivatives, hypotiens A–D (1–4). Compounds 1–4 possess a highly unsaturated side chain containing an unusual dimethyl substitution, which is similar to that of oxazolomycins with potent antibacterial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities.15 Details of the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity, together with a proposed biosynthesis of compounds 1–4 are reported here.
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δH, mult. (J in Hz) | δC, mult. | δH, mult. (J in Hz) | δC, mult. | δH, mult. (J in Hz) | δC, mult. | δH, mult. (J in Hz) | δC, mult. | |
2 | 167.4, C | 167.1, C | 168.0, C | 168.0, C | ||||
3 | 100.6, C | 111.7, C | 100.6, C | 99.6, C | ||||
4 | 167.5, C | 170.4, C | 168.2, C | 168.8, C | ||||
5 | 110.5, C | 112.6, C | 6.13, s | 102.4, C | 109.8, C | |||
6 | 153.7, C | 154.3, C | 157.9, C | 159.4, C | ||||
7 | 6.56, d (15.0) | 120.9, CH | 6.54, d (15.0) | 120.8, CH | 6.20, d (15.0) | 123.2, CH | 129.5, C | |
8 | 7.07, dd (15.0, 11.0) | 135.6, CH | 7.07, dd (15.0, 11.0) | 135.8, CH | 7.06, dd (14.5, 11.5) | 135.9, CH | 6.35, d (11.5) | 135.5, CH |
9 | 6.47, dd (15.0, 11.0) | 133.0, CH | 6.48, dd (15.0, 11.0) | 132.9, CH | 6.40, dd (13.0, 11.0) | 132.3, CH | 6.64, dd (14.5, 11.0) | 128.7, CH |
10 | 6.55, dd (15.0, 10.0) | 138.2, CH | 6.56, dd (15.0, 10.0) | 138.5, CH | 6.56, dd (14.5, 10.5) | 138.8, CH | 6.45, dd (14.5, 10.5) | 137.5, CH |
11 | 6.31, dd (15.5, 10.0) | 131.1, CH | 6.31, dd (15.5, 10.0) | 131.0, CH | 6.29, dd (15.5, 11.0) | 130.9, CH | 6.36, dd (14.5, 11.5) | 131.3, CH |
12 | 5.98, d (15.5) | 141.6, CH | 6.00, d (15.5) | 141.9, CH | 5.99, d (15.5) | 141.9, CH | 5.94, d (14.5) | 141.0, CH |
13 | 51.8, C | 51.8, C | 51.8, C | 51.8, C | ||||
14 | 213.0, C | 212.8, C | 213.8, C | 213.0, C | ||||
15 | 2.14, s | 25.9, CH3 | 2.14, s | 25.9, CH3 | 2.15, s | 26.0, CH3 | 2.13, s | 25.9, CH3 |
16 | 1.95, s | 9.2, CH3 | 2.02, s | 9.8, CH3 | 1.88, s | 8.7, CH3 | 1.93, s | 9.0, CH3 |
17 | 2.04, s | 9.6, CH3 | 2.04, s | 10.5, CH3 | 2.04, s | 12.1, CH3 | ||
18 | 1.27, s | 24.4, CH3 | 1.27, s | 24.3, CH3 | 1.26, s | 24.3, CH3 | 1.27, s | 24.4, CH3 |
19 | 1.27, s | 24.4, CH3 | 1.27, s | 24.3, CH3 | 1.26, s | 24.3, CH3 | 1.27, s | 24.4, CH3 |
20 | 2.05, d (1.0) | 15.2, CH3 | ||||||
4-OMe | 3.85, s | 61.2, CH3 |
The planar structure of compound 1 was further constructed through the detailed analysis of the HMBC spectrum (Fig. 2, and S4†). The key HMBC correlations (Fig. 2) from H3-15 to C-13 and C-14 coupled with the requirement of chemical shifts of C-14 (δC 213.0) and H3-15 (δH 2.14, s) confirmed the connection from C-13 to C-15. Two singlet methyls (C-18 and C-19) were further located at the C-13, which was confirmed by the HMBC correlations of H3-18 and H3-19 with C-13 and C-14. Based on the key HMBC correlations from H-12 to C-10, C-11, C-13, and C-14, from H-11 to C-9 and C-10, from H-9 to C-7 and C-8, and from H-7 and H-8 to C-6, a side chain from C-6 to C-15 was tentatively deduced. It contained three trans-disubstituted double bonds at C-7(8), C-9(10), and C-11(12), which was strongly supported by their chemical shifts and relatively large coupling constants.
Further analysis of the HMBC cross-peaks of H3-16/C-2, H3-16/C-3, H3-16/C-4, H3-17/C-4, H3-17/C-5, and H3-17/C-6 verified the connections from C-2 to C-6 (Fig. 2). A hydroxyl group was placed at C-4 based on its chemical shift (δC 167.5). The remaining one degree of unsaturation and the chemical shifts of C-2 (δC 167.4) and C-6 (δC 153.7) suggested that C-2 and C-6 in compound 1 were both linked to the same oxygen atom to form a α-pyrone ring, which was consistent with its molecular formula. In the NOESY spectrum of compound 1, a key correlation between olefinic H-7 and aliphatic CH3-17 was observed (Fig. S5†), indicating these protons were close in space. Accordingly, the structure of compound 1 was established as depicted and it was named hypotien A.
Compound 2 (Fig. 1) was also obtained as a yellow powder and named as hypotien B. Based on the ESI-HRMS data, it was assigned the molecular formula C19H24O4, corresponding to one CH2 group more than 1. Analysis of its 1H, 13C, and HSQC NMR spectra (Table 1, and Fig. S7–S9†) indicated similar structural features to those of compound 1, except for the presence of a methoxy group (δH 3.85; δC 61.2) in 2 and the significant downfield shifts of C-3 and C-4. The above analysis revealed that a methoxy moiety in 2 instead of a hydroxyl group in 1 was linked to C-4, which was further supported by detailed analysis of the HMBC spectrum of compound 2 (Fig. 2).
For compound 3 (Fig. 1), its molecular formula C17H20O4 was determined by the same strategy as above and corresponded to one CH2 group less than compound 1. The 1H NMR spectrum of 3 (Table 1 and Fig. S12†) was also close to that of 1 except for the presence of an olefinic proton (H-5, δH 6.13) in 3 and the absence of a methyl signal at C-5 in 1. Key HMBC correlations (Fig. 2) from H-5 to C-3, C-4, C-6, and C-7 indicated the location of H-5 and assigned the structure of compound 3 as shown. Compound 3 was named hypotien C.
Hypotien D (4, Fig. 1) was a yellow powder. ESI-HRMS spectrum determined its molecular formula as C19H24O4. Detailed analysis of the 1H, 13C, and HSQC data of 4 (Table 1, and Fig. S17–S19†) suggested that compound 4 has similar structural characteristics to compound 1 and indicated a α-pyrone derivative. By comparing the 1D NMR data of 4 with that of 1, in addition to the absence of an olefinic proton signal in compound 4, one more methyl group (δH 2.05; δC 15.2) was observed in compound 4. The above methyl group was located at the olefinic C-7 based on the HMBC correlations of H3-20 with C-6, C-7, and C-8 (Fig. 2). Further analysis of key HMBC correlations confirmed the structure of compound 4, which was in accordance with the requirement of its molecular formula.
α-Pyrone, a six-membered lactone, is frequently discovered in microorganisms, plants, and animals, and is often substituted with a side chain.16 The diverse substitutions of the six-membered lactone, as well as the variations in length and substitutions of the side chain, greatly contribute to the structural diversity and complexity of α-pyrone derivatives.17–21 Compounds 1–4 are new α-pyrone derivatives containing an unusual dimethyl substitution in the highly unsaturated side chain (Fig. 1). Their plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed through a polyketide synthase.16 A linear polyketide chain was first constructed from an acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and six malonyl-CoA followed by reduction, dehydration, methylation, oxidation, or cyclization to generate the α-pyrone derivatives.
Natural products containing a α-pyrone have exhibited diverse biological activities, such as the mostly reported antimicrobial efficacy,17–19 quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity,22 and cytotoxicity.19,21 In this work, the antibacterial activities of new α-pyrones 1–4 were evaluated against four bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 9372), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and their antifungal efficacies were tested against three agricultural pathogens Colletotrichum musae (ACCC 31244), Colletotrichum coccodes (ACCC 36067), and Colletotrichum orbiculare (ACCC 36095). Furthermore, the QS inhibitory activity against Chromobacterium violaceum and the cytotoxic assay against three human cancer cell lines A549, CT-26, and MCF-7 were also applied for compounds 1–4. Unfortunately, in contrast to the positive controls, none of them at the given concentrations (Experimental section) were effective against the tested microorganisms or cancer cells. The specific side chain in new α-pyrones 1–4 might be responsible for the weak pharmacological activities.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Spectral data of compounds 1–4. See DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05308e |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 |