N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysed redox isomerisation of esters to functionalised benzaldehydes

Abstract

N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysed redox isomerisation with reduction about the carbonyl has been developed in the transformation of trienyl esters to tetrasubstituted benzaldehydes. The reaction proceeds in good to excellent yield, and in cases that provide 2,2′-biaryls, enantioselectivity is observed. Mechanistic studies demonstrate the intermediacy of a cyclohexenyl β-lactone, while implicating formation of the homoenolate as turnover limiting.

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Introduction

Beyond N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysed formation of acyl anions,¹ advances in the field have revealed subsequent umpolung events that provide acyl azoliums, their enols, and enolates.² Collectively these redox isomerisation reactions have emerged as the dominant paradigm, allowing aldehyde containing substrates (1) to be converted to functionalised, and often enantioenriched, esters (2) (Fig. 1, eqn (1)).^2–7 In contrast, to the best of our knowledge, the reverse, in which esters (3) undergo redox isomerisation to give aldehydes (4), are unknown (eqn (2)). Herein, we report an NHC catalysed redox isomerisation with ester reduction (3 → 4).

Fig. 1 Conceptual background.

Over the last 5 years, studies from our group have revealed NHC catalysed (4 + 2) annulations which define an approach to cyclohexenes orthogonal to the Diels–Alder reaction.⁸ Mechanistically, these reactions commence with a vinylogous Michael/aldol/lactonisation cascade to produce cyclohexenyl β-lactones.^8c These can decarboxylate,^8b be trapped with nucleophilic reagents^8c and, in some cases, be isolated.^8a Within this family of reactions we recently developed an enantioselective cycloisomerisation of triene 6 to cyclohexenyl β-lactone 7 (Fig. 2).^8a Whilst developing this transformation, a remarkable switch in reactivity was observed through subtle changes to catalyst and solvent. Specifically, this allowed the conversion of trienyl ester 6 to benzaldehyde 5via the previously described cascade, coupled with a redox isomerisation resulting in reduction about the carbonyl group (eqn (3)). This type of redox isomerisation is rare. Chi et al. has reported related reactivity, although in their studies a subsequent isomerisation returned ester containing products.^9f,i Aside from the novelty of this redox isomerisation, discovery of this reaction adds to the limited family of known NHC-catalysed reactions with ester substrates,^2k,8–11 while also defining a new approach to heavily substituted benzaldehyde derivatives.¹² In this edge article, we report the development, scope and mechanistic study of this reaction.

Fig. 2 Developed herein.

Results and discussion

Reaction development commenced with triene 6a. Upon heating in THF, with an NHC derived from precatalyst A, the desired redox isomerised aldehyde 5a formed as a minor component, along with β-lactone 7a and cyclohexadiene 8a (Table 1, entry 1). Formation of benzaldehyde 5a generated water, which may protonate the NHC. To eliminate this pathway, a desiccant was introduced thereby improving the yield of 5a to 43% (Table 1, entry 2). The reaction displayed significant sensitivity to solvent. Thus while dioxane disfavoured benzaldehyde formation (Table 1, entry 3), toluene and benzene both improved selectivity, with the latter giving 5a in 64% isolated yield when heated at reflux (Table 1, entries 4 and 5). Unfortunately, longer reaction times favoured decarboxylation, and the yield of 5a was not increased. To improve the outcome, and avoid decarboxylation, modification of the catalyst was examined. While Ender's TPT precatalyst B and N-tBu or N-Mes morpholinone precatalysts C1 or C2 failed to improve the outcome (Table 1, entries 6–8), 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl C3 gave aldehyde 5a in a moderately improved yield (Table 1, entry 9).¹³ In contrast to the reaction with A, conducting the reaction with C3 for an extended period improved the outcome; with aldehyde 5a isolated in 87% yield without appreciable decarboxylation (Table 1, entry 10).

Table 1 Selected optimisations

Entry	Precat	Solvent	Temp	5a : 7a : 8a^a	Yield^b
a Determined by ^1H-NMR analysis. b Isolated yield following flash column chromatography. c Without 4 Å MS. d Reaction conducted for 42 hours.
1^c	A	THF	66	1 : 2 : 1	11%
2	A	THF	66	1 : 1 : 0	43%
3	A	Dioxane	101	1 : 17 : 0	Trace
4	A	Toluene	110	2 : 3 : 0	24%
5	A	Benzene	80	7 : 3 : 0	64%
6	B	Benzene	80	—	—
7	C1	Benzene	80	—	Trace
8	C2	Benzene	80	2 : 3 : 0	32%
9	C3	Benzene	80	11 : 2 : 0	67%
10	C3	Benzene	80	20 : 1 : 0	87%

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Reaction scope

The generality of the reaction was examined with the transformation of trienyl esters 6a–n (Table 2) using precatalysts A and C3. While commercially available IMes precatalyst A was adequate in most cases, the yield was generally enhanced using C3. For example, while examining the impact of electronics about the cinnamoyl portion, it was found that electron neutral, rich, or moderately poor trienes 6a–d gave the expected aldehydes 5a–d in 68–91% yield using C3 (Table 2, entries 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a) and 11–26% lower yield using IMes A (Table 2, entries 1b, 2b, 3b and 4b). In contrast, the highly electron poor p-NO₂C₆H₄ triene 6e only reacted with IMes precatalyst A (Table 2, entry 5). The reaction's capacity to tolerate heteroaromatic substituents was examined using furan containing triene 6f, which in-turn provided benzaldehyde 5f in acceptable yield (Table 2, entry 6). Next, modification of the R² substituent within the diene was investigated. A benzyl group was tolerated, with benzaldehydes 5g and h prepared in 80 and 85% yield respectively (Table 2, entries 7 and 8). Similarly, ethyl benzaldehydes 5i and j could be prepared, albeit in modest yields (Table 2, entries 9 and 10). The isopropyl group was not tolerated, with only traces of the expected aldehyde 5k observed (Table 2, entry 11). Finally, the reaction was found to be insensitive to the nature of the ester, with methyl and isopropyl esters reacting smoothly to give the expected benzaldehydes 6l, m and n in good yield (Table 2, entries 12–14).

Table 2 Scope

Entry	Precat	5/6	R^1	R^2	R^3	Yield^a
a Isolated yield following flash column chromatography.
1a	C3	a	Ph	CH3	Et	87%
b	A	a	Ph	CH3	Et	65%
2a	C3	b	p-CH3C6H4	CH3	Et	91%
b	A	b	p-CH3C6H4	CH3	Et	65%
3a	C3	c	p-CH3OC6H4	CH3	Et	71%
b	A	c	p-CH3OC6H4	CH3	Et	51%
4a	C3	d	p-BrC6H4	CH3	Et	68%
b	A	d	p-BrC6H4	CH3	Et	57%
5	A	e	p-NO2C6H4	CH3	Et	43%
6	C3	f	2-Furyl	CH3	Et	56%
7	C3	g	Ph	Bn	Et	80%
8	C3	h	p-CH3C6H4	Bn	Et	85%
9	C3	i	Ph	Et	Et	52%
10	C3	j	p-CH3C6H4	Et	Et	59%
11	C3	k	Ph	iPr	Et	Trace
12	C3	l	Ph	CH3	CH3	77%
13	C3	m	p-CH3C6H4	CH3	CH3	72%
14	C3	n	p-CH3C6H4	CH3	iPr	81%

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Enantioselectivity and mechanistic studies

The transformation, as catalysed by homochiral C3, introduces a potential approach to enantioenriched axially chiral products. This was realised, with 6o and p converted to enantioenriched 2,2′ biaryls 5o and p with moderate enantioselectivity and yield (eqn (6)). Although considerable effort was directed towards improving the level of enantioselectivity, this was not possible. To understand this limitation, we investigated whether the low enantioselectivity was connected to limitations in (i) point to axial chirality relay¹⁴ or (ii) establishing point chirality. Thus, when the enantioenriched β-lactone intermediate 7o (92 : 8 er) was prepared^8a and subsequently converted to 5o by catalyst C3 complete stereoretention was observed (eqn (7)). This result indicates that the limitations are likely linked to accessing enantioenriched β-lactone intermediate 7 with catalyst C3 (Scheme 1). Supporting this observation, when conversion of 6o to 5o was monitored (eqn (6)), the enantiopurity of the intermediate β-lactone 7o was found to be low (∼60 : 40 er).¹⁵ Thus, the challenge in realising this reaction as a highly enantioselective process is centred on developing a catalyst that allows both (i) a highly enantioselective β-lactone synthesis and (ii) redox isomerisation. On-going studies are focused on addressing this challenge.

Scheme 1

To gain greater insight into the mechanism of the transformation, studies probing the intermediacy of the β-lactone and the nature of the turnover-limiting step were undertaken. Thus, conversion of triene 6a to benzaldehyde 5a was monitored by in situ¹H-NMR spectroscopic analysis in deuterated benzene (eqn (8)). After two hours, extensive consumption of triene 6a, along with formation of β-lactone 7a as the major product and benzaldehyde 5a as a minor component, was observed (Fig. 3). By the fourth hour, benzaldehyde 5a was the major product and levels of β-lactone 7a had decreased, consistent with the β-lactone serving as an intermediate en route to 5a. In contrast to the reaction in undeuterated solvents (Tables 1 and 2), this transformation was slower and failed to progress beyond 32 hours. Thus, all subsequent kinetic investigations were terminated after 32 hours.

Fig. 3 Intermediacy of β-lactone 7a.

The impact of deuteration on reaction rate was examined with dideuterated cinnamate 6q. Using the standard reaction conditions aldehyde 5q was isolated in a modest 39% yield, along with 27% β-lactone 7q (eqn (9)). The magnitude of the rate decrease implicated impedance of the redox isomerisation by a primary kinetic isotope effect (KIE). To deconvolute these results, monodeuterated substrates 6r, s and t were prepared. ¹H-NMR spectroscopic monitoring of the consumption of deutero-diene 6r and α-deutero cinnamate 6s showed similar rates of consumption to 6a. However, conversion of β-deutero cinnamate 6t was significantly retarded (Fig. 4). While a full kinetic analysis is required to eliminate possible involvement of a secondary KIE, the results were consistent with turnover limiting proton transfer to form the homoenolate (vide infra).

Fig. 4 Impact of substrate deuteration.

From these studies, a mechanism that involves two linked catalytic cycles can be proposed. The transformation begins with fragmentation of trienyl ester 6a to give α,β-unsaturated acyl azolium I and dienolate II (Fig. 5). These unite in a vinylogous Michael addition, followed by a pseudoconcerted (2 + 2) cycloaddition^8c to provide β-lactone hemiacetal III. Loss of the catalyst provides β-lactone 7a to complete cycle A. This pathway is dominant early in the transformation. As β-lactone 7a accumulates, and triene 6a is consumed, addition of the NHC to 7a regenerates IIIen route to acyl azolium IV. Subsequent proton transfer provides acyl azolium enolate V and ultimately homoenolate VI, in the turnover limiting event, by a β-deprotonation first described by Chi.^9f,i Finally, elimination of water gives aromatic intermediate VII, while proton transfer and loss of the NHC liberates benzaldehyde 5a and regenerates the NHC.

Fig. 5 Potential reaction mechanism.

Conclusions

The capacity of NHCs to access acyl anions en route to acyl azolium intermediates has been pivotal to modern studies in NHC organocatalysis. Herein, we describe a reaction that occurs in the opposite direction. Key to achieving this has been the observation that β-lactones can undergo fragmentation rather than decarboxylation, and the use of aromatisation as a driving force to allow unusual reaction pathways. These discoveries demonstrate proof of concept for redox isomerisation with carbonyl reduction, while providing a novel synthesis of benzaldehydes 5. Presumably, other substrates bearing internally oxidisable functionality or the use of chemoselective reducing agents,¹⁶ should enable related transformations characterised by redox isomerisation with reduction at the carbonyl. Many questions remain with this reaction. Particularly intriguing is the reaction's remarkable sensitivity to solvent polarity and catalyst nucleophilicity and the surprising absence of benzoin condensation pathways. On-going mechanistic studies are focused on these questions.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Australian Research Council through the Discovery (DP120101315) and Future Fellowship (FT110100319) programs.

Notes and references

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5. An early example: C. Burstein and F. Glorius, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 6205.
6. An early example: A. Chan and K. A. Scheidt, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 905.
7. An early example: K. Zeitler, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 637.
8. (a) L. Candish, A. Levens and D. W. Lupton,  J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 14397. For related (4 + 2) annulations see: (b) S. J. Ryan, L. Candish and D. W. Lupton, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 4694; (c) S. J. Ryan, A. Stasch, M. N. Paddon-Row and D. W. Lupton, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 1113.
9. For work from our group with ester substrates see: (a) S. J. Ryan, L. Candish and D. W. Lupton, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 14176; (b) L. Candish and D. W. Lupton, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 4836; (c) L. Candish and D. W. Lupton, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2011, 9, 8182; (d) L. Candish and D. W. Lupton, Chem. Sci., 2012, 3, 380; (e) M. Kowalczyk and D. W. Lupton, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 5314 and ref. 8. For selected examples from the Chi group see: (f) L. Hao, Y. Du, H. Lv, X. Chen, H. Jiang, Y. Shao and Y. R. Chi, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 2154; (g) L. Hao, S. Chen, J. Xu, B. Tiwari, Z. Fu, T. Li, J. Lim and Y. R. Chi, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 4956; (h) S. Chen, L. Hao, Y. Zhang, B. Tiwari and Y. R. Chi, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 5822; (i) Z. Fu, J. Xu, T. Zhu, W. W. Y. Leong and Y. R. Chi, Nat. Chem., 2013, 5, 835; (j) J. Xu, Z. Jin and Y. R. Chi, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 5028.
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11. The use of β-lactones as substrates for NHC catalysis to our knowledge is unreported, although many reactions culminate in their formation, see: (a) C. Burstein, S. Tschan, X. Xie and F. Glorius, Synthesis, 2006, 2418; (b) V. Nair, S. Vellalath, M. Poonoth and E. Suresh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 8736; (c) P.-C. Chiang, J. Kaeobamrung and J. W. Bode, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 3520; (d) M. Wadamoto, E. M. Phillips, T. E. Reynolds and K. A. Scheidt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 10098; (e) M. He and J. W. Bode, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 418; (f) J. Kaeobamrung and J. W. Bode, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 677; (g) E. M. Phillips, J. M. Roberts and K. A. Scheidt, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2830; (h) D. T. Cohen, C. C. Eichman, E. M. Phillips, E. R. Zarefsky and K. A. Scheidt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 7309.
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15. Exact enantiopurity determination was not possible due to contamination with the benzaldehyde product and partial co-elution by HPLC.
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Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures and ¹H and ¹³C NMR of new materials. See DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03726j

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