Issue 28, 2015

Static and lattice vibrational energy differences between polymorphs

Abstract

A computational study of 1061 experimentally determined crystal structures of 508 polymorphic organic molecules has been performed with state-of-the-art lattice energy minimisation methods, using a hybrid method that combines density functional theory intramolecular energies with an anisotropic atom–atom intermolecular model. Rigid molecule lattice dynamical calculations have also been performed to estimate the vibrational contributions to lattice free energies. Distributions of the differences in lattice energy, free energy, zero point energy, entropy and heat capacity between polymorphs are presented. Polymorphic lattice energy differences are typically very small: over half of polymorph pairs are separated by less than 2 kJ mol−1 and lattice energy differences exceed 7.2 kJ mol−1 in only 5% of cases. Unsurprisingly, vibrational contributions to polymorph free energy differences at ambient conditions are dominated by entropy differences. The distribution of vibrational energy differences is narrower than lattice energy differences, rarely exceeding 2 kJ mol−1. However, these relatively small vibrational free energy contributions are large enough to cause a re-ranking of polymorph stability below, or at, room temperature in 9% of the polymorph pairs.

Graphical abstract: Static and lattice vibrational energy differences between polymorphs

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
08 jan 2015
Accepted
23 mar 2015
First published
23 mar 2015
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

CrystEngComm, 2015,17, 5154-5165

Static and lattice vibrational energy differences between polymorphs

J. Nyman and G. M. Day, CrystEngComm, 2015, 17, 5154 DOI: 10.1039/C5CE00045A

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