Supramolecular chirality transformation driven by monodentate ligand binding to a coordinatively unsaturated self-assembly based on C₃-symmetric ligands

Abstract

Monodentate ligand binding is facilitated by supramolecular chirality transformations from propeller-shaped chirality into single-twist chirality by altering the self-assembly of C₃-symmetric chiral ligands. The C₃-symmetric chiral ligands (Im^R₃Bz and Im^S₃Bz) contain three chiral imidazole side arms (Im^R and Im^S) at the 1,3,5-positions of a central benzene ring. Upon coordination to zinc ions (Zn²⁺), which have a tetrahedral coordination preference, the C₃-symmetric chiral ligands assemble, in a stepwise manner, into a propeller-shaped assembly with a general formula (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. In this structure each Zn²⁺ ion coordinates to the three individual imidazole side arms. The resulting assembly is formally coordinatively unsaturated (coordination number, n = 3) and capable of accepting monodentate co-ligands (imidazole: ImH₂) to afford a coordinatively saturated assembly [(ImH₂)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]. The preformed propeller-shaped chirality is preserved during this transformation. However, an excess of the monodentate co-ligand (ImH₂/Zn²⁺ molar ratio of ∼1.7) alters the propeller-shaped assembly into a stacked dimer assembly [(ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃] (m = 4–6) with single-twist chirality. This switch alters the degree of enhancement and the circular dichroism (CD) pattern, suggesting a structural transition into a chiral object with a different shape. This architectural chirality transformation presents a new approach to forming dynamic coordination-assemblies, which have transformable geometric chiral structures.

---

Introduction

Topology plays an important role in determining the properties of self-assembled structures at various hierarchical levels from the molecular to supramolecular scales. Among features that determine structure and function relationships, chirality mainly determines physical and morphological properties.¹ Nature's topology is dynamic and transforms under the influence of certain stimuli.^2–4 However, in the field of coordination assembly, supramolecular chirality is considered to be a static feature. In most cases, building blocks are rigid and inflexible, fixing the directionality of metal–ligand interactions, which is a requirement for predetermined chirality in discrete metallosupramolecular architectures.^1,5 Conversely, the concept of dynamic assembly has drawn attention to the benefits of dynamic structures that can react to certain stimuli and change their behavior.^6–23 For example, dynamic assembly has made it possible to design supramolecular architectures with “chirality inversion” through changes to an explicit chiral shape (e.g., helices), which is successfully reflected by chiroptical inversion, such as circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra.^7–14 Besides these successful achievements, few cases of dynamic topology alteration have been reported and they have mostly concerned achiral to achiral transformations in two-component systems consisting of only one ligand component and one metal ion component.^18–21 In such cases, an appropriate ratio of the building components drives alternative shapes in the output architecture. Stimuli-responsive or “smart” coordination assemblies^22,23 have two competing features that must be balanced: the assembly should have metastability to enable acceptance of a third component (e.g., co-ligand), which induces the stimuli-responsive transformations. The system should also have sufficient thermodynamic stability to selectively form the target assembly in solution prior to any stimuli. It remains challenging to identify systems where both these properties are achieved.

Here, we propose a flexible ligand approach to address supramolecular chirality transformations driven by monodentate ligand binding. We have designed new C₃-symmetric ligands (Im^R₃Bz, Im^S₃Bz, and Im₃Bz) containing three imidazole side arms connected to a central benzene ring at the 1,3,5-positions through ethynyl spacers (Scheme 1). The present C₃-symmetric ligands show intrinsic rotational flexibility around the ethynyl axes but maintain conjugated aromatic units, resulting in structural diversity in terms of the dihedral angle (θ) between the imidazole and the central benzene rings (Scheme 2). Most C₃-symmetric ligands containing ethynyl spacers have been designed with pyridine rings to make the direction of the metal–ligand interactions constant irrespective of the ligand conformation prior to self-assembly.^24,25 This diversity in ligand chirality suggests potential to access a range of topologies with different chiral shapes through a coordination process we term “metal-ion clipping”.²¹ Among the types of supramolecular chirality accessible in this coordination assembly, the simplest should be a stacked dimer with single-twist chirality (Scheme 2 from top to middle).^21c,26,27 This structure forms from two different C₃-symmetric conformers (θ = +90°, +90°, +90°; θ = 0°, 0°, 0°) clipped by three metal ions with a tetrahedral coordination preference. Propeller-shaped chirality is another probable architecture,²⁸ which forms from a C₃-symmetric conformer (θ = −45°, −45°, −45°) with three non-symmetrical conformers (θ = −45°, +45°, 0°) clipped by three metal ions (Scheme 2 from bottom to middle). We reveal that the C₃-symmetric ligands selectively assemble into a propeller-shaped chiral assembly upon coordination to zinc ions (Zn²⁺). The resulting propeller-shaped assembly [(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] is formally coordinatively unsaturated (coordination number, n = 3), and undergoes coordination of monodentate co-ligands (imidazole: ImH₂) to afford a coordinatively saturated assembly [(ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]. The resulting coordinatively saturated assembly maintains the preformed propeller-shaped chirality but transforms into a stacked dimer assembly [(ImH₂)_m(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃] (m = 4–6) with single-twist chirality at a certain excess of monodentate co-ligands (ImH₂/Zn²⁺ ratio at approximately 1.7). This change considerably enhances and modifies the CD signals, suggesting that the structure transitions into different chiral objects with different shapes. The present system seems to be completely different from the past examples of the structural conversion associated with chiroptical inversion by external stimuli. Our findings will pave the way for rational design of dynamic and flexible coordination chirality, which can transform between different chiral shapes under stimuli.

Scheme 1 Chemical structures of C₃-symmetric ligands studied here.

Scheme 2 (a) Supramolecular architecture with single twist chirality formed from the two C₃-symmetric ligands clipped by three metal ions with a tetrahedral coordination preference. It should be noted that the suggested L₂M₃ complex was not formed in the present system in the absence of a monodentate co-ligand. (b) Supramolecular architecture with propeller-shaped chirality formed from the three C₃-symmetric ligands clipped by three metal ions with a tetrahedral coordination preference.

Results and discussion

Chiral assembly formation of C₃-symmetric chiral ligands upon coordination to zinc ions

New C₃-symmetric ligands (Im^R₃Bz, Im^S₃Bz, and Im₃Bz) were synthesized by Sonogashira coupling between the corresponding 2-iodoimidazoles and the 1,3,5-tris(ethynylbenzene) linker (see the ESI†). We used circular dichroism (CD) to investigate the chiral assembly of the C₃-symmetric ligands upon coordination to zinc ions (Zn²⁺). Although the C₃-symmetric chiral ligands contain chiral alkyl side chains, neither Im^R₃Bz nor Im^S₃Bz show a CD signal in the absence of Zn²⁺ (Fig. 1a, blue lines), because their chiral alkyl side chains are separated from the central chromophore unit (Scheme 1). However, the C₃-symmetric chiral ligands exhibit a unique CD signal pattern once they assemble into geometrically chiral objects with Zn²⁺ (Fig. 1a, green lines, vide infra).^21c Hence, the CD signals act as a probe for geometric changes occurring in the solution assembly process. These findings are further supported by analysis of NMR titration and ESI mass spectrometry results (Fig. 2 and 3, vide infra). The CD titration experiments were performed in acetonitrile solutions containing a constant concentration of Im^R₃Bz or Im^S₃Bz ([Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ = 2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) by changing the concentration of the Zn²⁺ ions (counter anion: OSO₂CF₃⁻). These results were compared with those from UV/vis titration experiments conducted under the same conditions (Fig. 1b). At a molar ratio of [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ = 0.25, Zn²⁺ induced no appreciable CD signal in the region of the π–π* transition (λ < 360 nm) of the C₃-symmetric ligands (Fig. 1a, red lines); however, the absorption changed noticeably with isosbestic points at 283 and 341 nm (Fig. 1b, blue line to red line). The absorption spectral changes suggest conversion of Im^(RorS)₃Bz into a Zn²⁺ complex, which has no CD activity (Scheme 3A). However, as the molar ratio of [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ increased beyond 0.25, Im^R₃Bz and Im^S₃Bz exhibited positive and negative Cotton effects, respectively. Almost complete mirror-image CD signals can be seen between the enantiomers (Fig. 1a, green lines). Together with the considerable changes in the CD spectra, Im^S₃Bz showed changes in its absorption spectra with isosbestic points at 283 and 340 nm (Fig. 1b, red to green line).³⁰ These results suggest a change of the CD-silent Zn²⁺-complex into a geometrically chiral Zn²⁺-assembly with CD activity (Scheme 3B). The CD intensity (Δε) at 308 nm and the absorbance at 290 nm are plotted against the molar ratio ([Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀) (inset of Fig. 1). This plot illustrates the stoichiometry of the initially formed CD-silent Zn²⁺-complex and the subsequently formed Zn²⁺-assembly with CD activity. A clear break can be seen at [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ = 0.25 in each case, indicating a 4 : 1 complex of Im^(RorS)₃Bz and Zn²⁺ [(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄Zn²⁺], which conforms to the most common coordination number of Zn²⁺-complexes (n = 4). The 4 : 1 complex was assigned by high-resolution electrospray injection mass spectrometry (HR ESI-MS) (positive): m/z calcd. [(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₁]²⁺, 1160.53435; found 1160.53384.²⁹ Saturation of the titration curves occurred at [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ = 0.75 (inset of Fig. 1), which corresponds to 4 : 3 binding stoichiometry for Im^(RorS)₃Bz and Zn²⁺. The most probable assembly is a 4 : 3 assembly [(Im^{(R or S)}₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] with the lowest global complexity (GC = 4 + 3 = 7). To confirm the stoichiometry and the global complexity of the Zn²⁺-assembly in solution, we measured the ESI mass of Im^S₃Bz in the presence of 0.8 equivalents of Zn(OSO₂CF₃)₂ in acetonitrile (Fig. 2). The proposed (Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ was successfully detected as [(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₃]³⁺ and [(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₄]²⁺, in which the isotopic distribution of [(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₃]³⁺ agreed well with the calculated spectrum (Fig. 2 inset). We identified several fragment ion peaks, including [(Im^S₃Bz)₃(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃⁻)₅]⁺ (m/z = 2629.4) and [(Im^S₃Bz)₃(Zn²⁺)₂(OSO₂CF₃⁻)₂]²⁺ (m/z = 2118.6). Thus (Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ contains labile ligand units (vide infra).

Fig. 1 (a) CD spectra of Im^R₃Bz and Im^S₃Bz (concentrations: 2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) in the presence of Zn²⁺ [0 (blue), 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ (red) and 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M (green)] in acetonitrile at 298 K, where Δε is calculated based on the ligand concentration (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M). (b) Corresponding UV/vis absorption spectral changes observed in the titration of Im^S₃Bz by Zn²⁺. Inset: plots of Δε at 308 nm absorbance at 290 nm versus [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀. The magnified spectra around the isosbestic points (blue lines: [Zn²⁺] = 0–5.0 × 10⁻⁶ M; red lines: 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ M to 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M). For clarity reasons two step spectral changes are separated vertically.

Fig. 2 Positive ESI-MS spectrum of Im^S₃Bz (normalized by its most intense fragment at m/z = 564.3 from the free ligand) in acetonitrile (2.0 × 10⁻³ M) in the presence of Zn²⁺ (1.6 × 10⁻³ M). Inset: isotopically resolved signals at m/z = 965.3 and the calculated isotopic distributions for [(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₃]³⁺. Objects correspond to the mass peak assignment (L: Im^S₃Bz, M: Zn²⁺, T: OSO₂CF₃⁻).

Fig. 3 (a) Solution structure and NMR signal assignment of (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. (b) Stacked ¹H NMR spectra of Im₃Bz (3.3 × 10⁻³ M) in the presence of Zn²⁺ (0–3.3 × 10⁻³ M) in CD₃CN at 298 K. The small peak annotated by an asterisk remains unchanged during the titration. Symbols correspond to those in the chemical structure of Im₃Bz. Alphabet pairs (A/A′, B/B′, C/C′, and D/D′) labeling closed circles indicate vicinal protons at the imidazole ring.

Scheme 3 Assembly formation of Im^R₃Bz with Zn²⁺ and ImH₂.

On the basis of the above analysis, we propose a propeller-shaped structure (Fig. 3a) for the (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly, which is the most symmetrical geometry of the Zn²⁺-assemblies with GC = 7 and a stoichiometry of [Im^(RorS)₃Bz] : [Zn²⁺] = 4 : 3. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis provides definitive structural information in the solid state. However, the propeller-shaped structure is formally coordinatively unsaturated (coordination number, n = 3) in solution, and unfortunately suitable crystals of the self-assembly could not be obtained. Hence, we verified the proposed structure by systematic NMR spectroscopic titration analysis.^21,31 Upon titration of Zn(OSO₂CF₃)₂ into Im^S₃Bz in acetonitrile-d₃ (CD₃CN) broadening of the ¹H NMR signals occurred because of rapid exchange, i.e., dissociation and reassociation of the (Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly on the NMR timescale (Fig. S1†). We found that the NMR line broadening was prevented by modifying the side arms of the C₃-symmetric ligands (Scheme 1), when the chiral chains were replaced by ethyl groups (vide infra, Fig. 3b). We note that the Im₃Bz ligand exhibited absorption titration and ESI mass spectrometric results (Fig. S2 and S3†) similar to those for Im^(RorS)₃Bz (Fig. 1 and 2), which confirmed that Im₃Bz also forms a 4 : 3 assembly [(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] in a stepwise manner (as Scheme 3A and B). During the titration of Im₃Bz with Zn²⁺ at [Zn²⁺]/[Im₃Bz]₀ molar ratios in the range of 0–0.6, the aromatic protons of the imidazole side arms and the central benzene rings gradually shifted and broadened (Fig. 3b). The initially observed NMR peak shift at [Zn²⁺]/[Im₃Bz]₀ molar ratios in the range of 0–0.4 is attributed to the formation of a 4 : 1 complex [(Im₃Bz)₄Zn²⁺]. Conversely, the NMR line broadening likely originated from rapid exchange between the resulting 4 : 1 complex [(Im₃Bz)₄Zn²⁺] and the subsequently formed 4 : 3 self-assembled [(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]. However, clear NMR signals with a total of 12 aromatic protons were resolved upon addition of a certain amount (0.7 equivalents) of Zn²⁺ (Fig. 3b left).³² The preformed 4 : 1 complex was almost completely converted into the 4 : 3 self-assembly at a molar ratio close to [Zn²⁺]/[Im₃Bz]₀ = 0.75. On the basis of COSY correlations (Fig. S5†), we separated the 12 observed resonances into 4 resonances originating from the central benzene protons (Fig. 3b red squares, f, g, h, and i) and 8 other resonances corresponding to the imidazole (aromatic) protons (Fig. 3b closed circles, A–D and A′–D′). Among the central benzene protons (f, g, h, and i), we observed the ¹H, ¹H COSY correlations between the signals “f”, “h”, and “i” (Fig. S5†). Therefore, these signals come from neighboring protons that are directly bound to the same central benzene ring, but located in different chemical environments. Thus (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ has Im₃Bz ligands that lose the C₃ symmetry of the original ligand upon self-assembly (blue colored molecules in Fig. 3a). Conversely, the benzene proton “g” has no ¹H, ¹H COSY correlation with other benzene protons (f, h, and i, see Fig. S5†), and therefore (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ contains a central Im₃Bz ligand that preserves the original ligand C₃ symmetry (red colored molecule in Fig. 3a). On the basis of these results, we present the solution structure of (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (Fig. 3a), consisting of a central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule) surrounded by three non-symmetrical conformers (blue colored molecules). Consequently, the proposed propeller-shaped assembly gives a total of four benzene protons with an integration ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (3H : 3H : 3H : 3H) in its NMR spectrum. One of these protons (g) comes from the central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule) and the other three protons (f, h, and i) come from the three ligands (blue colored molecules). In this manner, NMR shows a total of 8 resonances for imidazole (aromatic) protons with the same integration ratio (3H amount for each signal), which is consistent with the experimentally observed NMR signals arising from the four pairs of vicinal protons at the imidazole rings (Fig. 3b, A/A′, B/B′, C/C′, and D/D′). The ethyl proton signals are likely caused by the imidazole side chains as much simpler probes, which support the proposed propeller-shaped structure. In the presence of 0.7 equivalents of Zn²⁺, the original quartet signal at 4.17 ppm splits into a double quartet signals with an integration ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (Fig. 3b, blue triangles, a–d; 3H for each signal) and an intense overlapped signal consisting of 12 protons (e). The double quartet signals (a–d) suggest that the two CH₂ protons (connected to the same CH₂ carbon atom) are in different chemical environments owing to restricted rotation of the ethyl side chains upon formation of the propeller-shaped assembly. In fact, we observed ¹H, ¹H COSY correlations between “a” and “c” and between “b” and “d” (Fig. S6†). Therefore, these proton pairs must be connected to the same CH₂ carbon atom. Among the four double quartet signals (a–d), the proton pairs “a” and “c” are assignable to the CH₂ protons of the central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule in Fig. 3a). These protons are shielded by the neighboring imidazole rings of the three propeller-shaped ligands (blue colored molecules). This steric configuration should restrict the rotation of the ethyl side chains in the central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule). Conversely, the other proton pairs (b and d) are attributed to the CH₂ protons of the side chains of the other three Im₃Bz (blue colored molecules) at the bottom position. Consequently, the intense overlapping signal (e) corresponds to the other ethyl side chains of the three propeller-shaped ligands (blue colored molecules) at the top position in similar chemical environments (see the top view in Fig. 3a). The NMR line broadening above 0.8 equiv. of Zn²⁺ (Fig. 3b) indicates that an excess of Zn²⁺ ions promoted rapid dissociation and reassociation processes of (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the propeller-shaped structure (Fig. 3a) is the most probable main species in solution.³³

Supramolecular chirality transformation driven by monodentate ligand binding

The propeller-shaped assembly is formally coordinatively unsaturated (Fig. 3a), where each Zn²⁺ ion coordinates to the three individual imidazole side arms (coordination number, n = 3). On the basis of ESI mass spectrometric analysis in solution (Fig. 2, vide supra), their vacant sites are likely occupied by solvent molecules or counter anions (OSO₂CF₃⁻), which can be easily replaced by an appropriate monodentate co-ligand. This motivated us to investigate monodentate ligand binding (imidazole: ImH₂) to the resulting coordinatively unsaturated assembly (Scheme 3C and E). This process was again monitored by CD spectroscopy (Fig. 4 and 5; UV/vis titration in Fig. S8†). Upon addition of 0–3.0 equivalents of ImH₂ to the resulting (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly in acetonitrile, the CD spectrum of the propeller-shaped assembly [(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] gradually disappeared (Fig. 4 and 5, red line to green line). We then found a sharp change of the signal with an enhancement of the CD intensity in the presence of 5.0 equivalents (ImH₂/Zn²⁺ molar ratio: ∼1.7) of ImH₂ (Fig. 4 and 5, green line to yellow line). The resulting CD signals almost disappeared upon further addition of 12 equivalents of ImH₂ (Fig. 4 and 5, purple line), owing to dissociation of self-assemblies in the presence of excess ImH₂, which yielded ImH₂/Zn²⁺ complexes (Scheme 3E). We analyzed the observed stepwise process (Scheme 3C and E) by using titration plots (insets of Fig. 4 and 5) of Δε at 311 nm vs. the molar ratio (x = [ImH₂]/[(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀), where inflection points occurred at [ImH₂]/[(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀ = 3.0 and around 5.0. The initial inflection is responsible for binding of the monodentate co-ligand (ImH₂) to the vacant sites of (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃, yielding a coordinatively saturated (ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly (Scheme 3C). The resulting CD pattern of (ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ resembles the original CD profile owing to the propeller-shaped assembly despite the subtle red shift (Fig. 4 and 5, red line vs. green line), indicating that the resulting (ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ preserves the preformed propeller-shaped chirality (Scheme 3C). Notably, the suggested ternary complex was successfully identified by HR ESI MS, m/z calcd. as [(ImH⁻)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₁ + 2CH₃CN]²⁺, 1440.51049; found 1440.51380 (Fig. 6). These results were obtained from an ESI mass spectrum of (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ in the presence of 3.0 equivalents of ImH₂ in acetonitrile. The subsequently formed coordinatively saturated (ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly contained no Zn²⁺ center capable of binding with the additional monodentate co-ligands (Fig. 7a). However, we observed a second inflection point in the CD titration plot (vide supra, Fig. 4 and 5 insets), which is associated with a sharp change of the CD spectrum (vide supra, Fig. 4 and 5, yellow lines). We posit that this feature arises from a supramolecular chirality transition driven by monodentate ligand binding (Scheme 3D). The observed intense CD signals (Fig. 4 and 5, yellow line) are characteristic of an exciton-coupled biphasic (splitting) CD pattern caused by twisting of the chromophore molecules.^{21c,26,34–36} In this context, Katoono et al. have recently developed stacked dimer assemblies of C₃-symmetric benzene rings containing ethynyl spacers in the twisting positions.²⁶ They provided CD profiles, which resemble those in our study (yellow lines in Fig. 4 and 5), suggesting structural similarities to our proposed stacked dimer assemblies here.²⁶ From this analysis, we estimated the stacked dimer assemblies in the twisting position [(ImH₂)_m(Im₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃] (m = 4–6) to be the most probable assembly in solution in the second stage of the titration (corresponding to yellow lines in Fig. 4 and 5). It should be noted that we have measured the ESI mass spectrum of Im^S₃Bz in the presence of Zn²⁺ and 1.7 equivalents (toward Zn²⁺) of ImH₂, where the fragment mass of [(ImH₂)_m(Im^S₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃] (m = 4–6) was found (Fig. S10†).

Fig. 4 CD spectral changes observed upon titration of an acetonitrile solution of Im^R₃Bz (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) containing Zn²⁺ (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) with ImH₂ (0–6.0 × 10⁻⁵ M, 0: red line, 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M: green line, 2.5 × 10⁻⁵ M: yellow line, and 6.0 × 10⁻⁵ M: purple line), where Δε is calculated based on the ligand concentration (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M). Top panel shows the corresponding stacked plot for CD titration. Insets: plot of Δε at 311 nm vs. the molar ratio (x = [ImH₂]/[(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀).

Fig. 5 CD spectral changes observed upon titration of an acetonitrile solution of Im^S₃Bz (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) containing Zn²⁺ (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M) with ImH₂ (0–6.0 × 10⁻⁵ M, 0: red line, 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ M: green line, 2.2 × 10⁻⁵ M: yellow line, and 6.0 × 10⁻⁵ M: purple line), where Δε is calculated based on the ligand concentration (2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M). Top panel shows the corresponding stacked plot for CD titration. Insets: plot of Δε at 311 nm vs. the molar ratio (x = [ImH₂]/[(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀).

Fig. 6 Positive ESI-MS spectrum of Im^S₃Bz (normalized by its most intense fragment at m/z = 564.3 from the free ligand) in acetonitrile (2.2 × 10⁻³ M) in the presence of Zn²⁺ (1.7 × 10⁻³ M) and ImH₂ (1.7 × 10⁻³ M). Inset: isotopically resolved signals at m/z = 1440.5 and calculated isotopic distributions for [(ImH⁻)₃(Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)(CH₃CN)₂]²⁺. Objects correspond to the mass peak assignment (I: ImH⁻, L: Im^S₃Bz, M: Zn²⁺, T: OSO₂CF₃⁻). Mass spectrum of the whole region is given in Fig. S9.†

Fig. 7 Energy minimized structures and NMR signal assignment of (a) (ImH₂)₃(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ and (b) (ImH₂)₆(Im₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃. (c) ¹H NMR spectrum of free Im₃Bz (1.8 × 10⁻³ M) in CD₃CN, where symbols correspond to those in the chemical structure Im₃Bz (Fig. 3). (d) Stacked ¹H NMR spectra of Im₃Bz (1.8 × 10⁻³ M) with Zn²⁺ (1.4 × 10⁻³ M) in the presence of ImH₂ (0–5.4 × 10⁻³ M, 0: red line, 1.4 × 10⁻³ M: green line, 2.3 × 10⁻³ M: yellow line, and 5.4 × 10⁻³ M: purple line) in CD₃CN at 298 K (x = [ImH₂]/[(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀). Asterisk denotes chloroform.

In order to investigate whether the reversible change between the (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ and (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ complexes (Scheme 3C and D) is possible or not, we have measured CD spectra of (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ upon addition of Zn²⁺ that acts as the sequester of ImH₂ in (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ (Fig. S11†). The CD intensity due to (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ decreased with increasing Zn²⁺ concentration (Fig. S11†), where the CD spectrum of (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ converted to that of (ImH₂)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ upon addition of 2.5 × 10⁻⁵ M of Zn²⁺ (Fig. S11†). Hence, conversion of (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ to (ImH₂)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (Scheme 3D) is reversible. Further addition of Zn²⁺ to the resulting solution caused a subsequent CD spectral change (Fig. S11†), indicating a structural transition of (ImH₂)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. However, the resulting CD spectrum is slightly different from that of Zn₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄ (Fig. 4, red line). Thus, the reversible change between (ImH₂)₃(Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ and (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (Scheme 3C) is not possible under these conditions.

The ligand-driven architectural transformation is further discussed in detail by NMR titration experiments. We used Im₃Bz instead of Im^(RorS)₃Bz in this case, because of the NMR broadening observed for (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (vide supra, Fig. S1†). Note that the NMR titration experiments with Im^R₃Bz give almost the same results as those obtained with Im₃Bz except for the initial NMR broadening (Fig. S12†). Upon addition of 0–3.0 equivalents of ImH₂ to the resulting (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly in CD₃CN (Fig. 7d, red line to green line), the well-resolved NMR signals from (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (red line) disappeared with a concomitant rise of sharp peaks at 8.48, 7.97, 7.40, and 7.32 ppm (j, k, l, and m, respectively) and broad signals at around 7.32 and 7.03 ppm (E and F, respectively). Among them, the sharp peaks (j and k) are considered to originate from two coordinated species in solution, and the peak “k” disappears with a concomitant increase of the relative intensity of the peak “j” with increasing molar ratio (x) [ImH₂]/[(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀ (Fig. 7d, green line to yellow line). Upon further increasing ImH₂ concentrations, the remaining peak “j” gradually shifted upfield and became the same NMR signal of free Im₃Bz owing to the central benzene proton (Fig. 7c red square) at a molar ratio of [ImH₂]/[(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀ = 12.0 (Fig. 7d, yellow line to purple line). This observation is consistent with dissociation of the self-assemblies to yield the ImH₂–Zn²⁺ complex at higher concentrations of ImH₂ (Scheme 3E). Taken together, we conclude that the peak “j” originates from the central benzene protons of Im₃Bz in the subsequently formed stacked dimer assembly [(ImH₂)_m(Im₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃], and the peak “k” derives from (ImH₂)₃(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ prior to the stacked dimer assembly formation. Partial dissociation and reassociation likely occur on the NMR timescale in both assemblies, giving rise to a rather simple NMR signal pattern (Fig. 7c, green line). The two assemblies coexist at a molar ratio of [ImH₂]/[(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀ = 3.0 (Fig. 7d, green line) under the conditions used for the NMR experiments.³⁷ Imidazole protons (as well as CH₂ protons from the side chains) of Im₃Bz overlapped at similar chemical shifts for the two assemblies and showed rather broad signals (E and F on the green line).³⁸ Conversely, the chemical shifts of the central benzene protons were markedly different between the two assemblies (peaks j and k), where the peak “j” shifted downfield compared with the peak “k” that is assigned to the propeller-shaped assembly (Fig. 7d). This differentiation may be the result of a difference in the relative positional relationship of the central benzene rings between the two assemblies. In the propeller-shaped assembly (Fig. 7a), the central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule) is almost perpendicular to the three propeller-shaped ligands (blue colored molecules). Hence, their chemical environments are not markedly different from those of the free ligand. Conversely, in the stacked dimer assembly, clipping by the three Zn²⁺ ions forces the two benzene rings into a twisted face-to-face position (Fig. 7b). The observed downfield shift (peak j in Fig. 7d) is attributed to the deshielding effect of the stacked benzene rings, which gives experimental confirmation of the stacked dimer assembly.^39,40

Finally, we performed time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations on the C₃-symmetric ligands in a propeller-shaped arrangement and a twisting dimer arrangement (solid lines in Fig. 8a and b, respectively). Here, only electronic transitions of the C₃-symmetric ligand part were calculated. Neither the Zn²⁺ (d¹⁰ configuration) nor the imidazole co-ligands have any appreciable absorption above 250 nm contributing to the observed CD spectra (dashed lines in Fig. 8). In addition, the chiral alkyl side chains of the C₃-symmetric ligands were replaced by methyl groups to reduce the calculation complexity. These modifications enabled us to perform the TD-DFT calculations in a reasonable time frame. The theoretical CD spectrum for the propeller-shaped geometry agreed well with the experimental one for (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (Fig. 8a, solid line vs. dashed line), suggesting a counter clockwise (ccw) rotation for (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃, and a clockwise (cw) rotation for (Im^S₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. According to the calculated rotatory strength (see Fig. S13†), most of the high rotatory strength arises from electronic transitions within the three molecules that represent the propeller shape (blue colored molecules in the inset of Fig. 8a). For example, the dominant contribution (17%) of excitation 43 (Fig. 8a) is a transition from the HOMO−7 to LUMO+4, which features molecular orbitals delocalized over the two and three molecules in the propeller-shaped arrangement, respectively (Fig. 8c). Conversely, the HOMO, HOMO−1, and HOMO−2 are localized on the central C₃-symmetric ligand (red colored molecule in the inset of Fig. 8a, see Fig. S13†). Those higher energy levels do not contribute to a high rotatory strength in Fig. 8a (see Fig. S13†). Consequently, the propeller-shaped assembly (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ has a positive Cotton effect at shorter wavelengths and the extremely weak negative Cotton effect at the longer wavelength is negligible (Fig. 8a). In contrast, splitting of the CD pattern is found in both the experimental and theoretical CD spectra for the stacked dimer in the twisting position (Fig. 8b), where both spectra show a strong negative Cotton effect in the first Cotton band and a weak positive Cotton effect in the second Cotton band. These calculations suggest that most of the high rotatory strength arises from electronic transitions between the two molecules in the twisting position (Fig. S14†). For example, a transition from HOMO−1 to LUMO+3 is the dominant contribution (47%) of excitation 14 in Fig. 8b, in which the molecular orbital of LUMO+3 is essentially delocalized over the two central benzene rings (Fig. 8d). This calculation indicates an M helix (excess) for (ImH₂)_m(Im^S₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ and a P helix (excess) for (ImH₂)_m(Im^R₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃.

Fig. 8 Dashed lines show experimental CD spectra of (a) (Im^R₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ (corresponding to the red line in Fig. 4) and (b) (ImH₂)_m(Im^S₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ (corresponding to the yellow line in Fig. 5). Solid lines show theoretical CD spectra [TD-DFT/B3LYP-6-31G(d,p)] of the C₃-symmetric ligands in (a) the propeller-shaped arrangement and (b) twisting dimer arrangement. Calculated spectrum in (a) is vertically scaled (scaling factor = 0.85). The numbered excitations correspond to those with high rotatory strength. Two molecular orbitals involved in (c) excitation 43 (17%) in (a) and (d) excitation 14 (47%) in (b). Insets: schematic representation of (a) propeller-shaped chirality and (b) single twisted chirality.

Conclusions

We have successfully demonstrated a supramolecular chirality transition driven by monodentate ligand binding. Newly synthesized C₃-symmetric ligands (Im^(RorS)₃Bz) containing three chiral imidazole side arms (Im^{(R or S)}) with ethynyl spacers assemble into a propeller-shaped assembly [(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] with 0.75 equivalents of Zn²⁺ in acetonitrile in the absence of monodentate co-ligands (imidazole: ImH₂). The resulting (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ assembly is formally coordinatively unsaturated (coordination number: n = 3) and therefore capable of accepting a total of three equivalents of monodentate co-ligands (ImH₂) to yield a coordinatively saturated assembly. The resulting coordinatively saturated assembly [(ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃] preserves the preformed propeller-shaped chirality of (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃. However, addition of monodentate co-ligands transforms the supramolecular chirality from propeller-shaped chirality into single-twist chirality, when (ImH₂)₃(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ transforms into a stacked dimer assembly (ImH₂)_m(Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ (m = 4–6). The present strategy shows promise for the rational design of dynamic coordination chirality capable of alternating between chiral objects of different shapes driven by a specific external stimulus.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

This work was partly supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow Grant Numbers 16J11554, and KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP17H05386 in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Coordination Asymmetry”, Grant-in-Aid for Takahashi Industrial and Economic Research Foundation, and ASAHI Glass Foundation. We thank Andrew Jackson, PhD, from the Edanz Group (http://www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Notes and references

1. (a) L.-J. Chen, H.-B. Yang and M. Shionoya, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 2555; (b) J. Crassous, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 830; (c) J. Crassous, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9684; (d) R. W. Saalfrank, H. Maid and A. Scheurer, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 8794; (e) M. Liu, L. Zhang and T. Wang, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115, 7304; (f) F. Zinna and L. Di Bari, Chirality, 2015, 27, 1.
2. F. A. Samatey, K. Imada, S. Nagashima, F. Vonderviszt, T. Kumasaka, M. Yamamoto and K. Namba, Nature, 2001, 410, 331.
3. R. Kuroda, B. Endo, M. Abe and M. Shimizu, Nature, 2009, 462, 790.
4. C. Mao, W. Sun, Z. Shen and N. C. Seeman, Nature, 1999, 397, 144.
5. R. Chakrabarty, P. S. Mukherjee and P. J. Stang, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111, 6810.
6. (a) W. Wang, Y.-X. Wang and H.-B. Yang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45, 2656; (b) A. J. McConnell, C. S. Wood, P. P. Neelakandan and J. R. Nitschke, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115, 7729; (c) M. E. Carnes, M. S. Collins and D. W. Johnson, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 1825.
7. (a) E. Yashima, N. Ousaka, D. Taura, K. Shimomura, T. Ikai and K. Maeda, Chem. Rev., 2016, 116, 13752; (b) H. Miyake and H. Tsukube, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 6977; (c) H. K. Bisoyi and Q. Li, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 2994.
8. (a) K. Miwa, Y. Furusho and E. Yashima, Nat. Chem., 2010, 2, 444; (b) K. Shimomura, T. Ikai, S. Kanoh, E. Yashima and K. Maeda, Nat. Chem., 2014, 6, 429; (c) R. A. Brown, V. Diemer, S. J. Webb and J. Clayden, Nat. Chem., 2013, 5, 853; (d) N. Ousaka, Y. Takeyama and E. Yashima, Chem. Sci., 2012, 3, 466; (e) S. Akine, S. Sairenji, T. Taniguchi and T. Nabeshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 12948; (f) S. Akine, S. Hotate and T. Nabeshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 13868; (g) C. P. Montgomery, E. J. New, D. Parker and R. D. Peacock, Chem. Commun., 2008, 4261.
9. (a) J. Gregoliński, P. Starynowicz, K. T. Hua, J. L. Lunkley, G. Muller and J. Lisowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 17761; (b) J. Gregoliński and J. Lisowski, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 6122; (c) J. Gregoliński, T. Lis, M. Cyganik and J. Lisowski, Inorg. Chem., 2008, 47, 11527; (d) J. Gregoliński, K. Ślepokura and J. Lisowski, Inorg. Chem., 2007, 46, 7923.
10. (a) J. Gregoliński, M. Hikita, T. Sakamoto, H. Sugimoto, H. Tsukube and H. Miyake, Inorg. Chem., 2016, 55, 633; (b) H. Miyake, M. Ueda, S. Murota, H. Sugimoto and H. Tsukube, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 3721; (c) H. Miyake, K. Yoshida, H. Sugimoto and H. Tsukube, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 6524; (d) H. Miyake, H. Sugimoto, H. Tamiaki and H. Tsukube, Chem. Commun., 2005, 4291; (e) H. Miyake, M. Hikita, M. Itazaki, H. Nakazawa, H. Sugimoto and H. Tsukube, Chem.–Eur. J., 2008, 14, 5393.
11. (a) S. Hiraoka, K. Hirata and M. Shionoya, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 3814; (b) S. Hiraoka, T. Tanaka and M. Shionoya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 13038; (c) R. Kubota, S. Tashiro and M. Shionoya, Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 2217.
12. (a) J. Yuasa, H. Ueno and T. Kawai, Chem.–Eur. J., 2014, 20, 8621; (b) J. Yuasa, T. Ohno, H. Tsumatori, R. Shiba, H. Kamikubo, M. Kataoka, Y. Hasegawa and T. Kawai, Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 4604.
13. (a) M. Hutin and J. Nitschke, Chem. Commun., 2006, 1724; (b) R. Lin, H. Zhang, S. Li, L. Chen, W. Zhang, T. Bin Wen, H. Zhang and H. Xia, Chem.–Eur. J., 2011, 17, 2420; (c) H. Isla, M. Srebro-Hooper, M. Jean, N. Vanthuyne, T. Roisnel, J. L. Lunkley, G. Muller, J. A. G. Williams, J. Autschbach and J. Crassous, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 5932; (d) A.-C. Chamayou, G. Makhloufi, L. A. Nafie, C. Janiak and S. Lüdeke, Inorg. Chem., 2015, 54, 2193.
14. (a) S. Zahn and J. W. Canary, Science, 2000, 288, 1404; (b) S. Mortezaei, N. R. Catarineu and J. W. Canary, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 8054; (c) S. Zahn, D. Das and J. W. Canary, Inorg. Chem., 2006, 45, 6056.
15. (a) Y. Zheng, Y.-Y. Pan, Y.-P. Ren, L.-S. Long, R.-B. Huang and L.-S. Zheng, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 14728; (b) J. Yuasa and S. Fukuzumi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 12912.
16. (a) W. Cullen, C. A. Hunter and M. D. Ward, Inorg. Chem., 2015, 54, 2626; (b) T.-Z. Xie, K. Guo, Z. Guo, W.-Y. Gao, L. Wojtas, G.-H. Ning, M. Huang, X. Lu, J.-Y. Li, S.-Y. Liao, Y.-S. Chen, C. N. Moorefield, M. J. Saunders, S. Z. D. Cheng, C. Wesdemiotis and G. R. Newkome, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 9224.
17. (a) A. Malviya, H. S. Jena, A. K. Mondal and S. Konar, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2015, 2015, 2901; (b) H.-G. Jeon, H. K. Lee, S. Lee and K.-S. Jeong, Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 5740; (c) Y. Liu, F. C. Parks, W. Zhao and A. H. Flood, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 15477.
18. (a) M. Fujita, O. Sasaki, T. Mitsuhashi, T. Fujita, J. Yazaki, K. Yamaguchi and K. Ogura, Chem. Commun., 1996, 20, 1535; (b) T. Weilandt, R. W. Troff, H. Saxell, K. Rissanen and C. A. Schalley, Inorg. Chem., 2008, 47, 7588; (c) M. Ferrer, A. Pedrosa, L. Rodríguez, O. Rossell and M. Vilaseca, Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49, 9438; (d) A. Sautter, D. G. Schmid, G. Jung and F. Würthner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 5424; (e) T. Yamamoto, A. M. Arif and P. J. Stang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 12309.
19. (a) S. Bandi, A. K. Pal, G. S. Hanan and D. K. Chand, Chem.–Eur. J., 2014, 20, 13122; (b) S. Neogi, Y. Lorenz, M. Engeser, D. Samanta and M. Schmittel, Inorg. Chem., 2013, 52, 6975; (c) S. Neogi, G. Schnakenburg, Y. Lorenz, M. Engeser and M. Schmittel, Inorg. Chem., 2012, 51, 10832; (d) P. D. Frischmann, V. Kunz and F. Würthner, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 7285; (e) T. Haino, T. Fujii, A. Watanabe and U. Takayanagi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106, 10477; (f) K. Harano, S. Hiraoka and M. Shionoya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 5300; (g) S. Hiraoka, T. Yi, M. Shiro and M. Shionoya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 14510.
20. (a) J. Yuasa and S. Fukuzumi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 566; (b) J. Yuasa, A. Mitsui and T. Kawai, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 5807; (c) T. Ogawa, J. Yuasa and T. Kawai, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 5110; (d) N. Inukai, J. Yuasa and T. Kawai, Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 3929; (e) J. Yuasa and S. Fukuzumi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 15976.
21. (a) N. Inukai, T. Kawai and J. Yuasa, Chem.–Eur. J., 2014, 20, 15159; (b) Y. Imai, T. Kawai and J. Yuasa, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 10103; (c) Y. Imai, Y. Nakano, T. Kawai and J. Yuasa, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 8973.
22. (a) W. Meng, T. K. Ronson, J. K. Clegg and J. R. Nitschke, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 1017; (b) X.-P. Zhou, Y. Wu and D. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 16062; (c) D. Samanta and P. S. Mukherjee, Chem.–Eur. J., 2014, 20, 12483; (d) A. Gerus, K. Ślepokura and J. Lisowski, Inorg. Chem., 2013, 52, 12450; (e) L. R. Holloway, H. H. McGarraugh, M. C. Young, W. Sontising, G. J. O. Beran and R. J. Hooley, Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 4423; (f) G. Haberhauer, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 9286; (g) Y. Kubota, S. Sakamoto, K. Yamaguchi and M. Fujita, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 4854; (h) L. Zhang, L. Lin, D. Liu, Y.-J. Lin, Z.-H. Li and G.-X. Jin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 1653; (i) H. Maeda, Y. Bando, K. Shimomura, I. Yamada, M. Naito, K. Nobusawa, H. Tsumatori and T. Kawai, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 9266; (j) S. P. Morcillo, D. Miguel, L. Álvarez de Cienfuegos, J. Justicia, S. Abbate, E. Castiglioni, C. Bour, M. Ribagorda, D. J. Cárdenas, J. M. Paredes, L. Crovetto, D. Choquesillo-Lazarte, A. J. Mota, M. C. Carreño, G. Longhi and J. M. Cuerva, Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 5663.
23. (a) B. Wang, Z. Zang, H. Wang, W. Dou, X. Tang, W. Liu, Y. Shao, J. Ma, Y. Li and J. Zhou, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 3756; (b) D. M. Wood, W. Meng, T. K. Ronson, A. R. Stefankiewicz, J. K. M. Sanders and J. R. Nitschke, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 3988.
24. (a) T. Y. Kim, L. Digal, M. G. Gardiner, N. T. Lucas and J. D. Crowley, Chem.–Eur. J., 2017, 23, 15089; (b) Q.-N. Zheng, X.-H. Liu, T. Chen, H.-J. Yan, T. Cook, D. Wang, P. J. Stang and L.-J. Wan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 6128; (c) Y. Zheng, Z. Zhao, M. Wang, K. Ghosh, J. B. Pollock, T. R. Cook and P. J. Stang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 16873; (d) G.-J. Zhao, F. Yu, M.-X. Zhang, B. H. Northrop, H. Yang, K.-L. Han and P. J. Stang, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115, 6390; (e) S. Leininger, J. Fan, M. Schmitz and P. J. Stang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2000, 97, 1380; (f) C. J. Kuehl, T. Yamamoto, S. R. Seidel and P. J. Stang, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 913; (g) J. D. Crowley, A. J. Goshe and B. Bosnich, Chem. Commun., 2003, 2824; (h) K. Ghosh, J. Hu, H. S. White and P. J. Stang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 6695.
25. For a rare example of C₃-symmetric ligands that are potentially undergoes alternation of the direction of metal–ligand interactions relying on ligand conformation, see: B. Brusilowskij, S. Neubacher and C. A. Schalley, Chem. Commun., 2009, 785.
26. (a) R. Katoono, K. Fujiwara and T. Suzuki, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 5438; (b) R. Katoono, Y. Obara, K. Fujiwara and T. Suzuki, Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 2222; (c) R. Katoono, S. Kawai and T. Suzuki, Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 3240.
27. For coordination-driven stacked assemblies, see (a) C. Lescop, Acc. Chem. Res., 2017, 50, 885; (b) B. Nohra, R. Reau and C. Lescop, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2014, 1788; (c) B. Nohra, S. Graule, C. Lescop and R. Réau, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 3520.
28. (a) H. Y. Lee, J. Park, M. S. Lah and J.-I. Hong, Chem. Commun., 2007, 5013; (b) H.-J. Kim, D. Moon, M. S. Lah and J.-I. Hong, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 3174; (c) L. Yan, Z. Wang, M.-T. Chen, N. Wu, J. Lan, X. Gao, J. You, H.-M. Gau and C.-T. Chen, Chem.–Eur. J., 2008, 14, 11601; (d) O. Mamula, M. Lama, S. G. Telfer, A. Nakamura, R. Kuroda, H. Stoeckli-Evans and R. Scopelitti, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 2527.
29. The 4 : 1 complex is CD silent (Fig. 1a red lines), which probably results from diastereomerization of the tetrahedral complex, or less excitonic interactions between the ligands in the complex.
30. The isosbestic points did not clearly switch at [Zn²⁺]/[Im^(RorS)₃Bz]₀ = 0.25 (Fig. 1b), indicating that there is a possibility that the formation of the (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ would start before the completion of the formation of (Im^(RorS)₃Bz)₄Zn²⁺.
31. A. Pastor and E. Martínez-Viviente, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2008, 252, 2314.
32. We considered that the dramatic NMR resolution enhancement (Fig. 3) was caused by the prevention of NMR line broadening, not by dramatic formation of (Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ at this molar ratio. We have also measured the ¹H NMR at low temperature (243 K), however the NMR line broadening (due to the faster ligand exchange around Zn²⁺) was not prevented even at the low temperature (Fig. S4†).
33. We have measured the CD spectra of Im^(RorS)₃Bz in the presence of 1 equiv. of Zn²⁺ with the changing of the ratio of Im^R₃Bz and Im^S₃Bz (the total concentration is fixed) to investigate the chiral self-sorting effect in the present system (Fig. S7†). The observed CD intensity (Δε) increases linearly with increasing the enantiomeric excess (ee) of Im^(RorS)₃Bz, indicating that no appreciable chiral self-sorting takes place in this system.
34. N. Berova, K. Nakanishi and R. W. Woody, Circular Dichroism: Principles and Applications, New York, Wiley-VCH, 2nd edn, 2004.
35. (a) J. Kumar, T. Nakashima, H. Tsumatori and T. Kawai, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2014, 5, 316; (b) T. Ikai, Y. Wada, S. Awata, C. Yun, K. Maeda, M. Mizuno and T. M. Swager, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 15, 8440; (c) M. Inouye, K. Hayashi, Y. Yonenaga, T. Itou, K. Fujimoto, T. Uchida, M. Iwamura and K. Nozaki, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 14392.
36. (a) J. Yuasa, T. Ohno, K. Miyata, H. Tsumatori, Y. Hasegawa and T. Kawai, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 9892; (b) T. Y. Bing, T. Kawai and J. Yuasa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 3683; (c) J. Kumar, B. Marydasan, T. Nakashima, T. Kawai and J. Yuasa, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 9885; (d) Y. Okayasu and J. Yuasa, Mol. Syst. Des. Eng., 2018, 3, 66.
37. Hence, there is a possibility that a mass peak at m/z = 1901.3 in Fig. 6 due to [(ImH⁻)₂(Im^S₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃(OSO₂CF₃)₃]⁺ is the fragment mass of [(ImH₂)_m(Im^S₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃] (m = 4–6).
38. At a molar ratio of [ImH₂]/[(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃]₀ = 12.0, dissociation of the self-assembly (Scheme 3E) caused the signals to become identical to those of free Im₃Bz (Fig. 7c).
39. Sharp signals “m” and “l” correspond to the imidazole (aromatic) protons of ImH₂, which slightly shifts during the titration (Fig. 7d).
40. The strong coordination ability of ImH₂ to Zn²⁺ is a primary requirement for the conversion of (ImH₂)₃(Im₃Bz)₄(Zn²⁺)₃ complex into (ImH₂)_m(Im₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃. We have confirmed that complex formation of ImH₂ and Zn²⁺ seems to be also almost stoichiometric similarly to the case of complex formation between he C₃-symmetric ligand and Zn²⁺, which was confirmed by UV/vis and ¹H NMR titration experiments (Fig. S15 and S16†). The direct comparison of the coordination ability of ImH₂ and the C₃-symmetric ligand to Zn²⁺ could be difficult, because the complex formation is almost stoichiometric in both cases (the binding constants are too large to be determined accurately). However, the coordination ability of ImH₂ should be potentially stronger than the C₃-symmetric ligand, because the (ImH₂)_m(Im₃Bz)₂(Zn²⁺)₃ complex was finally dissociated in the presence of 12 equivalents of ImH₂ (Scheme 3E, Fig. 4, 5, and 7).

---

Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Additional experimental details and additional data. See DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00399a

---