Fluorene analogues of xanthenes – low molecular weight near-infrared dyes

Abstract

Fluorene-based analogues of fluorescein, rhodol, and rhodamine exhibit absorption and fluorescence beyond 800–900 nm in water, 300–400 nm red-shifted compared to the original oxygen-bridged xanthene dyes, giving potential access to low molecular weight fluorescent markers for the second biological window (NIR-II, ca. 1000–1350 nm).