Turbostratic carbon-localised FeS2 nanocrystals as anodes for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Low-cost metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs); however, they suffer from sluggish kinetics and large volume expansion upon cycling. Here, a strategy to grow FeS₂ on turbostratic carbon (t-carbon) assisted by chemical interactions between Fe and C electrons was realized via a simple and scalable mechanical alloying (MA) approach with a trace amount of CNTs. The structural change in CNTs synchronized with the in situ growth of FeS₂ on the transformed t-carbon during the MA process, forming localised FeS₂ nanocrystals wrapped in the frameworks of t-carbon. This intertwined structure within a grain consisted of chemical bonding by electronic hybridization between FeS₂ and its adjacent carbon layer, resulting in enhanced structural stability upon cycling. Moreover, the localised FeS₂ nanocrystals with an ultrasmall diameter of 10 nm encapsulated in the nanoframeworks of t-carbon could effectively shorten the diffusion paths of electrons/ions and withstand the volume expansion. The as-synthesized FeS₂–C hybrid composite electrode exhibited a pseudocapacitive diffusion behavior with high specific capacity, good cycling stability, and remarkable rate capability. This strategy is a facile, scalable, and low-cost route toward high-performance metal sulfide anode materials for the commercial utilization of SIBs.