Harnessing the power of silica aerogels for applications in energy and water sustainability

Abstract

Clean water and green energy are inextricably linked as the production of affordable fresh water necessitates substantial energy consumption, while water scarcity could obstruct the energy transition. Climate change poses an unprecedented threat to water and energy resources. In recent decades, the SiO₂ aerogel, characterized by its lightweight, highly porous, and thermally insulating properties, has emerged as a versatile material capable of addressing the challenges of providing sustainable energy and clean water. Researchers have made significant progress in developing SiO₂ aerogel synthesis techniques and integrating it with other nanostructured functional materials and sustainable technologies. This review paper provides a concise overview of SiO₂ aerogel synthesis and its properties, including thermal insulation, mechanical strength, optical transparency, and wettability. The paper also summarizes the role of SiO₂ aerogels in environmental applications as a thermal insulator, solar-thermal collector, porous support, and adsorbent. With particular attention focused on the functions of SiO₂ aerogels in various solar energy harvesting and conversion technologies, the paper aims to stimulate innovative thinking in the exploration of advanced technologies for the water-energy nexus. This review concludes with a discussion of the key challenges and future perspectives for SiO₂ aerogel applications.