Current advancement in nanomaterial-based emerging techniques for the determination of aminoglycosides antibiotics for antibiotic resistance surveillances

Abstract

Antibiotics proved to be no less than a boon for humans after their evolution. Antibiotics shield humans against bacterial infection and save millions of lives. However, the unnecessary and un-prescribed use of these life-saving drugs by humans and animals also makes the bacteria resist the powerful effect of these antibiotics and they could fail in the further treatment of bacterial infection. Hence, it would be necessary to trace the residue of antibiotics remains in food samples to prevent bacterial resistance. To trace the residue of antibiotics in food samples, there is a urgent need to develop a point-of-care device (POC) that is portable, affordable, and highly sensitive. This review focused on the uses of aminoglycosides (AMGs) antibiotics in human and animals as well as the mode of action used by the antibiotics against the bacteria, defence mechanism used by bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance (ABR), reason for ABR followed by their consequences in the public health, and the economic burden. Through this review, we provide deep insights into the emerging optical and electrochemical methods used for the detection of AMGs antibiotics such as gentamicin (GENTA), kanamycin (KANA), streptomycin (STR), neomycin (NEO), tobramycin (TOB), and lincomycin (LNM) residue in food samples. The different sensing modes are evaluated for their potential significance in the enhancement of their sensitivity and selectivity. In this review, we have also focused on the opportunities and challenges for integrating optical and electrochemical sensors for detecting antibiotics in food samples and provide a data set used by artificial intelligence (AI) for the future surveillances and prediction of ABR.