A nanoscale study of the structure and electrical response of Sepia eumelanin

Abstract

Eumelanin, the brown-black member of the melanin biopigment family, is a prototype material for sustainable (green) organic electronics. Sepia eumelanin (Sepia) is a type of biosourced eumelanin extracted from the ink sac of cuttlefish. Electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy images of Sepia show distinguishable near spherical granules with diameters of about 150–200 nm. We have recently reported on predominant electronic transport in printed films of Sepia formulated inks including the (insulating) binder Polyvinyl-butyral (PVB). In that work, we proposed that inter-granular percolative transport, observed for micrometric interelectrode distances, is promoted by the confining action of the PVB binder on the Sepia granules. Considering that inter-granular transport implies intra-granular transport, in this work we proceeded to a nanoscale study of Sepia granules by High Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy (HR-AFM) and Conductive-AFM (c-AFM). We have observed protrusions on the surface of the Sepia granules, suggesting sub-granular structures compatible with the hierarchical development of Sepia, as proposed elsewhere. For films of Sepia formulated inks deposited on gold-coated substrates, c-AFM revealed, for the very first time, a nanoscale electrical response. Nanoscale studies provide the key to structure–property relationships in biosourced materials strategic for sustainable organic electronics.