A review on green and sustainable carbon anodes for lithium ion batteries: utilization of green carbon resources and recycling waste graphite

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become indispensable in our highly electrified world and are poised to spearhead ongoing technological advancements. Millions of portable devices are powered by LIBs, creating a significant demand for anode materials. Infusing green and sustainable ideas into LIBs has become a significant issue due to the high demand, which has led to excessive resource consumption. Green and sustainable carbon resources play a vital role from a life-cycle perspective. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in green biomass-derived carbon materials and discusses the strategies for recycling spent anode materials. Such a sustainable carbon resource is of great importance for both constructing a green energy system and realizing a closed-loop cycle of carbon resources. Finally, perspectives on the future development of sustainable carbon materials for LIBs are presented.