Issue 21, 2021

Milligram-scale, temperature-controlled ball milling to provide an informed basis for scale-up to reactive extrusion

Abstract

Over the last several years, chemists and engineers have identified the utility of using twin-screw extruders for performing large-scale organic chemistry mechanochemically. This equipment is convenient as it is familiar to several relevant industries for its use in formulation, and it is also well-equipped for temperature control and intense grinding of materials. However, the research and development scale of mechanochemistry is just like that of conventional synthesis: milligrams. These milligram-scale reactions are performed in batch-type reactors, often a ball mill. Commercially available ball mills do not have strict temperature control, limiting the information that can be obtained to inform the scale-up process reliably. This work uses an in-house modified, temperature-controlled, ball mill to bridge the knowledge gap regarding predictable, well-informed, economical, and reliable mechanochemical scale-ups. Included in this work is the first extrusion example of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

Graphical abstract: Milligram-scale, temperature-controlled ball milling to provide an informed basis for scale-up to reactive extrusion

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
18 juin 2021
Accepted
30 sept. 2021
First published
30 sept. 2021

Green Chem., 2021,23, 8501-8509

Author version available

Milligram-scale, temperature-controlled ball milling to provide an informed basis for scale-up to reactive extrusion

J. Andersen, H. Starbuck, T. Current, S. Martin and J. Mack, Green Chem., 2021, 23, 8501 DOI: 10.1039/D1GC02174E

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