Linear optical afterglow and nonlinear optical harmonic generation from chiral tin(iv) halides: the role of lattice distortions

Abstract

The striking chemical variability of hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides (HOMHs) endows them with fascinating optoelectronic properties. The inorganic skeletons of HOMHs are often flexible and their lattice deformations could serve as an effective factor for enabling the functionalities of HOMHs. Here, the linear and nonlinear optical properties of zero-dimensional (0D) tin(IV) halides have been tuned by structural distortion facilitated by the chiral amines. Enantiopure α-methylbenzyl ammoniums (XMBA, X = Cl, F) effectively transfer their chirality to the inorganic scaffolds when forming the tin(IV) halides, which enables polar arrangements in their crystals and leads to outstanding second-order nonlinear optical performances. In contrast, the racemic mixture of R- and S-FMBA results in the formation of HOMHs with room temperature phosphorescence. The lower lattice deformation in (rac-FMBA)₂SnCl₆ restrains the non-radiative decay from electron–phonon coupling and facilitates the photoluminescence. Meanwhile, the marked π–π interaction stabilizes the T₁ state for phosphorescent emission. These distinct linear and nonlinear optical properties denote the important role that the lattice distortion plays in tuning the optical properties of low-dimensional HOMHs, and offer a promising perspective of 0D tin(IV) halides for applications in optoelectronic materials and devices.