Evaluation of ToF-SIMS imaging for semi-quantitative mapping of BODIPY-labeled fibronectin surface gradients

Abstract

Microfluidic platforms offer controlled microenvironments for studying cell migration such as haptotaxis. In many gradient-based assays, protein gradients are first visualized using higher concentrations of fluorescent labels, since gradients formed at biologically relevant ligand densities often fall below the detection limits of conventional imaging methods. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of characterizing fibronectin gradients using a more sensitive, high-resolution approach with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Our methods increase analytical sensitivity to fibronectin gradients formed on commonly used synthetic surfaces to better elucidate physiological mechanisms and ensure experimental reproducibility. We utilized a microfluidic chip with a silicone housing placed on an optically clear plastic microscope slide designed for live-cell microscopy. Slides were coated with fibronectin incorporating surrogate labels for ToF-SIMS analysis to investigate spatial distribution. To enhance signal detection, fibronectin was labeled or conjugated with copper, bromine, and fluorine-containing BODIPY as surrogate elements. Among the tested labels, BODIPY-fibronectin (BODIPY-FN) provided the lowest background signal, enabling fluorescence-based detection at concentrations of 10 µg mL⁻¹ or higher, whereas ToF-SIMS demonstrated greater sensitivity, detecting fibronectin gradients at concentrations of 1 µg mL⁻¹ or higher. Semi-quantitative measurements using imaging mass spectrometry confirmed a graded distribution of fibronectin within the physiologically relevant “haptotaxis zone”, with detection sensitivity exceeding the limits of standard fluorescent microscopy. These results establish ToF-SIMS as a valid method for detecting surrogate-labeled ligand gradients, providing a reliable approach for future quantitative ligand measurements.