Structure–property relationships of responsive doubly-threaded slide-ring polycatenane networks

Abstract

Slide-ring polycatenane networks (SR-PCNs) are covalent polymer networks that contain interlocked doubly threaded rings that serve as additional topological constraints. These rings are catenated by the covalent polymer network, enabling them to slide along the polymer backbone between the covalent crosslinks. Herein, the SR-PCN synthesis is achieved by reacting a metal-templated doubly threaded pseudo[3]rotaxane (P3R) crosslinker with a chain extender and a covalent crosslinking moiety. The focus of this work is to explore the impact that monomer structure has on the SR-PCN synthesis, with the goal of increasing the reaction kinetics of the P3R to optimize ring incorporation in the network and minimize side reactions. It is shown that through monomer optimization it is possible to synthesize SR-PCNs with high gel fractions and ring content, allowing a detailed evaluation of the influence of the rings on the properties of these interlocked networks. Compared with control covalent networks and a tangled network, formed using a 1 : 2 metal–ligand complex, SR-PCNs exhibit enhanced swelling and frequency-dependent viscoelastic behavior, which are attributed to the motion of the rings. Molecular simulations of model interlocked networks elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior and provide insights into the structural changes induced by the rings. In addition, the responsive behavior of these SR-PCNs is explored upon exposure to stimuli that impact the ring mobility, such as changes in solvent, metalation, and protonation of the ligand moieties.