Copper-based nanoparticles for the removal of the crystal violet dye via degradation and adsorption: a comparative account

Abstract

Nanoparticles are almost omnipresent with significant pros and cons. Scientists have ventured into environmental nanotechnology, synthesizing unique nanoparticles in the laboratory. Copper nanoparticles are an active area of research for the decontamination of water from toxic dyes in the context of environmental nanotechnology. Copper is an abundant element in our earth's crust. However, rapid aerial oxidation limits its application. The present review article focuses on removing a toxic dye crystal violet (CV) via adsorption and degradation involving copper-based nanoparticles. Various synthetic protocols of such nanoparticles, removal efficiency including reusability, effect of doping and physico-chemical conditions, mechanisms, and connections towards circular economy were summarized here. A comparative account was depicted between adsorption and degradation for the elimination of CV involving copper-based nanoparticles. The current review paper will hopefully be an asset for the industries that release harmful dyes for sustainable water management.