Multifunctional s-triazine-BODIPY conjugates: synthetic strategies, photophysical insights, and emerging applications

Abstract

The integration of s-triazine and BODIPY scaffolds has emerged as a versatile strategy for developing multifunctional conjugates with tailored photophysical and biological properties. This review provides a detailed overview of the different design principles, synthetic strategies, and applications of s-triazine BODIPY conjugates in the last decade. Key photophysical parameters such as absorption maxima, fluorescence lifetimes, quantum yields, and singlet oxygen generation efficiencies are examined in the context of their structure–property relationships. The diverse applications of the conjugates are categorized into three primary domains such as biological application, including imaging and photodynamic therapy; sensing applications with discussions about mechanisms like PET, ICT, ESIPT and FRET; and advanced material applications, including their use as molecular rotors, liquid crystals, photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction, and components in solar cells and optoelectronic devices. This work underscores the growing importance of s-triazine-BODIPY conjugates as a modular platform for future innovations across materials science, analytical chemistry, and biomedical fields.