Tailoring hole injection of sol–gel processed WOx and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for efficient ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract

Hole injection governs the efficiency of ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs) due to the deep highest occupied molecular orbital level of the emissive molecule. Tungsten oxides (WO_x), transition metal oxides with high work functions and good stability, cast light on solving this problem. By a low-cost, scalable and high-throughput manufacturing process, herein the facile synthesis of a WO_x solution and its doping in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS + WO_x) is systematically investigated for assembling efficient UV OLEDs. X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm that WO_x and PEDOT:PSS + WO_x have good film morphology and exceptional electronic properties, such as the oxygen deficiency dominated non-stoichiometry of WO_x. With PEDOT:PSS + WO_x tailoring hole injection and 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as the emitter, the UV OLEDs show outstanding electro-optic performance, with a radiance of 3.98 mW cm⁻², external quantum efficiency of 2.30%, electroluminescence peak at 400 nm and full width at half maximum of 47 nm, which is superior to the performance of the corresponding reference materials. The mechanism of charge transfer from the PEDOT polycation to WO_x, enhancing conductivity, is responsible for the robust hole injection/transport and is further elucidated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy, contributing to the optimization of the carrier balance and recombination zone. Our results illustrate an alternative approach for boosting UV OLED performance and advancing organic electronics.