In situ growth of ultrafine tin oxide nanocrystals embedded in graphitized carbon nanosheets for use in high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

A crystal-facet-induced formation method has been developed for the fabrication of graphitized carbon nanosheets (CNS) embedded with ultrafine SnO₂ nanocrystals grown in situ upon calcination under a N₂ atmosphere. The obtained SnO₂–CNS composite exhibits superior electrochemical performance when used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Cycled at high current densities of 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 A g⁻¹ for 50 cycles, the composite material delivers large discharge capacities of 826, 728, and 400 mA h g⁻¹, respectively. The graphitized carbon nanosheets facilitate both ion and electron transportation and act as an efficient buffer to accommodate the volume changes generated upon Li-ion insertion–extraction. The ultrafine SnO₂ nanocrystals significantly shorten the diffusion distances of the lithium ions and also provide a large contact area for the interface reaction between the anode material and lithium-ions during lithiation or delithiation, leading to a remarkably high specific capacity and good cycling stability.