Understanding the growth and photoelectrochemical properties of mesocrystals and single crystals: a case of anatase TiO2

Abstract

Anatase TiO₂ mesocrystals and single crystals with dominant {101} facets were successfully synthesized without any additives using titanate nanowires as precursors under solvothermal and hydrothermal conditions, respectively. It is proposed that the oriented self-assembly process for the formation of TiO₂ mesocrystals was controlled by the same thermodynamic principle as that of single crystals in this simple reaction system. Furthermore, the TiO₂ mesocrystals were applied in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and demonstrated much enhanced photocurrent, almost 191% and 274% compared with that of TiO₂ single crystals and commercial P25, respectively. Electrochemical impedance measurements under illumination revealed that the photocurrent increase was largely ascribed to the effective charge separation of electron–hole pairs and fast interfacial charge transfer. This could be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of the mesostructured TiO₂ composed of highly oriented nanocrystal subunits offering few grain boundaries, nanoporous nature and a short transport distance.