Aqueous semi-solid flow cell: demonstration and analysis

Abstract

An aqueous Li-ion flow cell using suspension-based flow electrodes based on the LiTi₂(PO₄)₃–LiFePO₄ couple is demonstrated. Unlike conventional flow batteries, the semi-solid approach utilizes fluid electrodes that are electronically conductive. A model of simultaneous advection and electrochemical transport is developed and used to separate flow-induced losses from those due to underlying side reactions. The importance of plug flow to achieving high energy efficiency in flow batteries utilizing highly non-Newtonian flow electrodes is emphasized.