Triflic acid-catalyzed adamantylation of aromatics in [BMIM][OTf] ionic liquid; synthetic scope and mechanistic insight

Abstract

A mild and efficient process has been developed for the one-pot adamantylation of aromatic substrates employing 1-AdaOH, 1-AdaCl, 1-AdaBr, and 1-Br-3,5,7-trimethyladamantane as adamantylating agents, with triflic acid (TfOH) as promoter and n-butylmethylimidazolium triflate [BMIM][OTf] room temperature ionic liquid (IL) as solvent. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction time and the amount of TfOH was gauged in model reactions employing 1-AdaOH, 1-AdaCl and 1-AdaBr with toluene as the substrate. Under optimal conditions, the reactions exhibit high para selectivity with little or no adamantane side-product being formed. The synthetic scope of this transformation was tested for representative alkylbenzenes and haloalkylbenzenes. Comparative reactions carried out in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) produce increased amounts of the meta isomer and substantial amounts of adamantane. Substrate selectivities (K_T/K_B) were measured in competitive experiments in [BMIM][OTf] and in DCE as solvents. Isomerization tests were performed to shed light on the origin of the meta isomer. A DFT study was also conducted to compare relative stabilities of the isomeric products, to gauge the relative stabilities of the intermediate isomeric benzenium ions of adamantylation and their charge distribution modes, and to explore the intramolecular process for isomerization in the benzenium ion.