The α-effect is attributed primarily to the relative affinity of the α-nucleophile for the electrophilic centre under consideration compared to the proton affinity, as indicated by thermochemical data, and by calculation of HOMO's and charge distribution at the 4–31G and 6–311G* levels.
R. F. Hudson, D. P. Hansell, S. Wolfe and D. J. Mitchell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 1406 DOI: 10.1039/C39850001406
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