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Correction: Timeline for establishing a circular economy for lithium-ion batteries
Jennifer M.
Hartley
ab,
Sean
Scott
ab,
Jake M.
Yang
ab,
Paul A.
Anderson
bc,
Gavin D. J.
Harper
bc,
Jyoti
Ahuja
bc,
Evi
Petavratzi
d,
Harikrishnan
Tulsidas
e and
Andrew P.
Abbott
*ab
aSchool of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK. E-mail: apa1@leicester.ac.uk
bThe Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
cBirmingham Centre for Strategic Elements & Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, UK
dBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
eSustainable Energy Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, 8-14 avenue de la Paix, CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
First published on 6th January 2026
Abstract
Correction for ‘Timeline for establishing a circular economy for lithium-ion batteries’ by Jennifer M. Hartley et al., EES Batteries, 2025, 1, 1502–1514, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EB00144G.
In the original article, the information in Table 1 was misaligned due to a production error. The corrected version of Table 1 is shown below.
| Region | Regulation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
|
Li recovery rate 90% | 87 |
| Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Al and REE 98% | ||
| Energy consumption for 1t Li2CO3 < 18 MWh | ||
| Fluorine recovery > 99.5% | ||
|
Li recovery rate 80% | 87 |
| Ni, Co and Cu 95% | ||
| 2031 – New cells must contain 16% Co, 6% Li and 6% Ni from recycled sources | ||
| 2036 – New cells must contain 26% Co, 12% Li and 16% Ni from recycled sources | ||
| 2027 – Digital Battery Passport required | ||
|
No EPR regulations for WEEE or EV batteries | 88 and 89 |
| 9 states have some battery recycling regulations | ||
|
EVs are not differentiated from other vehicles. All demand recycling rates are >95%. The buyer pays a fee to cover EOL processing at the point of sale | 90 |
The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.
| This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2026 |