Open Access Article
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Low-cost large-area carbon electrode perovskite solar cells
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Afsaneh Farokhi , Hashem Shahroosvand , Fatemeh Naderloo , Sebastiano Bellani , Giulia Grancini , Aldo Di Carlo , Liberato Manna and Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
First published on 27th August 2025
Abstract
The increasing efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), driven by their low-cost, low-carbon footprint and easy processability, offers real opportunities for new markets in innovative photovoltaic (PV) technology. A crucial challenge in this transition is the device instability. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells offer a promising alternative with the advantage of more abundant material and stable performance. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of recent advancements in carbon-based PSC (C-PSCs) technology, focusing on the applications of carbon electrodes and its critical role as interfacial electrode as well as discussing the advantage of this configuration in terms of deposition methods for large-area modules. Furthermore, techno-economic aspects will be considered to provide assessment on the suitability of application of C-PSCs from large-area PVs to indoor applications and flexible electronics.