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DOI: 10.1039/D3RA90010J (Correction) RSC Adv., 2023, 13, 4530-4531

Correction: Membrane technologies in toilet urine treatment for toilet urine resource utilization: a review

Chengzhi Yua, Wenjun Yina, Zhenjiang Yua, Jiabin Chena, Rui Huangb and Xuefei Zhou*ac
aState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. E-mail: zhouxuefei@tongji.edu.cn; Tel: +86-21-6598-2693
bThe Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
cShanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Received 25th January 2023 , Accepted 25th January 2023

First published on 6th February 2023

Abstract

Correction for ‘Membrane technologies in toilet urine treatment for toilet urine resource utilization: a review’ by Chengzhi Yu et al., RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 35525–35535, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA05816A.

The authors regret that there are errors in the referencing in the original tables. The corrected versions of Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 are shown below.
Table 1 The application of external pressure-driven membrane technologiesa
Process RC Target Performance Reference
a RC – reaction conditions, FU – fresh urine, HU – hydrolyzed urine.
RO HU Urea and ammonia retention 64% unionized ammonia, 93% TOC retention 47
RO FU   57% urea retention, ≥92% TOC retention, 86% conductivity decrease 47
RO FU and HU, pH 9 P recovery 2.58 kg and 1.24 kg precipitates from 1 m3 HU and FU, precipitated solids contain 8.1–19.0% P, 10.3–15.2% Ca, 3.7–5.0% Mg and 0.1–3.5% ammonium nitrogen 50
RO Mixed water Water recovery 87 ± 5% water recovery 52
NF HU, pH 11.5   90% unionized ammonia recovery, 98% TOC retention 47
NF FU, pH 5 Urea retention 56% urea retention, ≥92% TOC retention, 96–97% conductivity decrease 47
RO-MBR FU N removal and P recovery 90% phosphorus recovery, 45% nitrogen removal 51

Table 2 The application of vapor pressure-driven membrane technologiesa
Process RC Target Performance Reference
a RC – reaction conditions, FU – fresh urine, HU – hydrolyzed urine.
DCMD FU Volume reduction and nutrient concentration Urine concentrated 17.8 times, 97% P and K rejection 18
DCMD   Specific ammonia transfer inhibition SAT was reduced to 6.91 × 10−5 g-N per g-H2O 60
MD HU, pH 10, water vapor gradient 30 °C Water recovery 80% water recovery, 98% of TOC, 98% of Na+, 89% of K+ rejected 63
IMD-AC HU Ammonia recovery 60% ammonia recovery, 95% energy saving 64
FO-MD FU Water recovery 98% TOC, TN and NH4+ removal 34
FO-MD FU and HU Water recovery Water flux of 31.5 (FU) to 28.7 (HU) L m−2 h−1 65
MD-MBR HU Non-odorous high-concentration liquid fertilizer production Total dissolved solid concentration of 280 g L−1 66

Table 3 The application of chemical potential-driven membrane technologiesa
Process RC Target Performance Reference
a RC – reaction conditions, FU – fresh urine, HU – hydrolyzed urine.
FO HU Volume reduction The urine volumes were reduced to 1/2–1/5 19
FO FU Ammonia recovery 86% recovery of ammonia 75
DS pH < 6.5
FS pH > 11
FO FS N, P recovery 40% N recovery, 50% P recovery 76
FO FS Urine concentration 50% N recovery, 93% P recovery, economic benefits are 5.3 times the running cost 77
FO HU Water recovery 89% TN rejection with 75% water recovery using 5 M NaCl as the DS, 97% TN rejection with 50% water recovery using 5 M glucose as the DS 78
FO Cave exploration Urine volume reduction 86% TN rejection with 75% water recovery 79
FO FU, HU Chlorella vulgaris culture dewatering Algal concentration was increased four-fold 80
FO-MD FU Urea recovery 45–68% urea concentration with 90% TOC rejection 82

Table 4 The application of electric field-driven membrane technologiesa
Process RC Target Performance Reference
a RC – reaction conditions, FU – fresh urine, HU – hydrolyzed urine.
ED   Nitrogen recovery 95.6% nitrogen recovery 87
EDMBR HU Phosphate and sulfate recovery 65% phosphate recovery, 54.9% sulfate recovery 88
MBR-ED FU Urine treatment 80% ion collection 86
RED FU and HU Energy recovery A maximum ENet of 0.053–0.039 kW h m−3 of real urine 90
MD-RED   Water and energy recovery 47% Gibbs free energy recovery 91

The references themselves are correct and have not been adjusted from the original article.

The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.

This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023