Ravindra Kumar Upadhyaya,
Keshav Kumar Sainia,
Nidhi Deswala,
Tejveer Singhb,
Kailash Pati Tripathic,
Parshant Kaushikc,
Najam Akhtar Shakilc,
Alok Chandra Bhartid and
Rakesh Kumar*a
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India. E-mail: rakeshkp@email.com
bMolecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, School of Life Sciences, JNU-Delhi, India
cDivision of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
dMolecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
First published on 30th August 2022
In order to explore new antifungal agrochemicals, we reported the synthesis of two series 5a–f, 6 and 7a–f, 8 of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivative-based structural isomers using a molecular hybridization approach. The synthesized compounds were tested for fungal growth inhibition against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. All the synthesized compounds showed excellent antifungal activity in their minimum concentrations (10–0.62 μM). Among all the synthetics, compounds 5b (ED50: 2.33 μM), 5f (ED50: 0.96 μM), and 7f (ED50: 1.48 μM) exerted a superior inhibitory effect in comparison to the commercially available fungicide, hexaconazole (ED50: 2.44 μM). The binding interactions of the active compounds 5f, 7f, 6, and 8 within the active site of the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme were studied with the help of molecular docking studies. The studies revealed that these hybrid pharmacophores could be used as an important intermediate to demonstrate new structural isomer-based fungicides.
To override the problem of crop loss caused due to fungal diseases, several fungicides are available in the global market that target the fungal cell membrane to disrupt its cell wall.7 Several other drugs under various stages of clinical trials also give an effective therapeutic choice to treat fungus-generated diseases. The increased chemical burden for controlling fungal diseases to improve the yield of crops has led to multiple drug resistance, crop toxicity, soil infertility, and environmental pollution.8,9 Therefore, the development of a new environment-friendly class of drugs possessing more bioactive sites is needed to be more effective against plant fungal infections with lower health risks.10 Herein, the concept of molecular hybridization plays a vital role in developing a coherent design of novel multitarget hybrid antifungal agents. Combined scaffolds probably propose some leads in minimizing drug resistance and enhancing their biological potency.
Exploration of novel and potent antifungal agrochemicals can be achieved by the optimization and modification of the existing agents by minimizing their side effects. Many reports of available fungicides (Fig. 1) containing specific bioactive moieties, like alkyl amine, thiazole, benzothiazole, triazole, polyene, isatin, and sugar, have been found to inhibit the functioning of fungal cells.11–15 Apart from the antifungal activity, these heterocyclic scaffolds are also reported as privileged fragments due to their high affinity toward various biological targets in modern medicinal chemistry.16–19
There is considerable increasing interest in triazole moieties as these are known to block the active site of the 14α-demethylase enzyme, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of ergosterol.20 This inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis leads to the suppression of fungal growth.21 Based on these findings, some novel hybrid pharmacophores containing triazole, pyrrole, benzothiazole, sugar, and isatin motifs have been formatted within a single molecule to obtain globally demanded antifungal agents (Fig. 2).
The relationship between chemical structure and biological activity is used to understand the effect of the insertion of new chemical entities in the basic pharmacophores to obtain more potent and more specific drugs. In this regard, structure and activity relationship (SAR) studies have been utilized to get a clear idea concerning the mechanism of action of the drugs.22 Herein, we report the synthesis of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivatives based on structural isomers and the comparison of their potency against Rhizoctonia solani with the help of in silico as well as in vitro studies. It is anticipated that these synthesized candidates will lead to significant developments in the field of agrochemicals.
Entry | Solvent | Base | Temp (°C) | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
i | THF | K2CO3 | 70 | No reaction |
ii | ACN | K2CO3 | 70 | 50:50 |
iii | DMF | K2CO3 | 70 | 95:5 |
iv | DMF | NaH | 70 | 90:10 |
v | Ethanol:water | K2CO3 | 70 | No reaction |
vi | Dioxane | K2CO3 | 70 | No reaction |
In the second step, the benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivatives 5a–e, 6 and 7a–e, 8 were synthesized via the click chemistry approach as depicted in Schemes 3 and 4, respectively. The azides of isatin (3a–e) and acyl-protected D-glucose (4) were prepared by the experimental conditions reported in the literature.23 These compounds were further treated with alkynes 1 and 2 in the presence of copper sulphate and sodium ascorbate in the different solvent systems at 80 °C to afford the corresponding desired derivatives. Furthermore, 5e and 7e were refluxed with L-hydroxyproline in ethanol in the presence of InCl3 for 3 h to get the corresponding derivatives 5f and 7f, as shown in Scheme 5.
Scheme 5 Synthesis of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivatives containing 3-pyrrolylisatin 5f and 7f from 5e and 7e, respectively. |
The structures of all of the synthetics 5a–f, 6 and 7a–f, 8 (Tables 2 and 3) were confirmed by their spectral analysis. In the 1H NMR spectrum of the compound 5a, a singlet was observed at δ 4.3 ppm for 4 protons corresponding to the methylene group attached to the nitrogen(s) of the amino benzothiazole ring. Two triplets at δ 4.5 ppm and δ 4.6 ppm for 4 protons were assigned to the methylene group linked with the isatin ring. The characteristic peak appeared as a singlet at δ 8.33 ppm for two protons for the triazole hydrogen. The 13C NMR spectrum of compound 5a showed a peak at δ 180 ppm, which was assigned to the CO (keto) carbon of the isatin ring.
The peak appearing at δ 168 ppm was assigned to the imine carbon present in the benzothiazole ring. The peaks that appeared at δ 44.2 ppm and δ 47.3 ppm were assigned to methylene carbons. For compound 7a, the two singlets observed at δ 4.1 and δ 4.2 ppm for 4 protons corresponded to the methylene groups attached to both nitrogens present in the amino benzothiazole ring. Mass spectrometry data for both isomers 5a and 7a showed the calculated mass (M + H) ion of 659.1, satisfying the observed mass of 659.1. The structures of all of the synthesized compounds are shown in Fig. 3 and 4.
Fig. 3 In vitro studies of the synthesized compounds at various concentrations using PDA culture media. |
Fig. 4 Antifungal evaluation against plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani using 5a–f, 6 and 7a–f, 8 from 10 μM to 0.62 μM. |
Compounds | 10 μM | 5 μM | 2.5 μM | 1.25 μM | 0.62 μM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5a | 70.00 ± 6.7 | 61.94 ± 3.6 | 49.16 ± 1.1 | 40.55 ± 2.3 | 29.16 ± 1.1 |
5b | 70.83 ± 6.8 | 62.50 ± 4.0 | 49.72 ± 1.7 | 41.66 ± 1.9 | 30.00 ± 1.8 |
5c | 73.33 ± 0.9 | 58.88 ± 2.4 | 48.88 ± 2.0 | 34.44 ± 0.9 | 22.50 ± 1.1 |
5d | 72.22 ± 0.9 | 69.16 ± 1.4 | 51.38 ± 2.3 | 34.72 ± 1.4 | 22.50 ± 3.6 |
5e | 74.16 ± 2.5 | 54.44 ± 1.6 | 42.77 ± 1.4 | 30.00 ± 1.6 | 21.11 ± 1.6 |
5f | 81.11 ± 0.9 | 75.27 ± 1.7 | 72.22 ± 0.9 | 52.50 ± 1.9 | 40.83 ± 2.8 |
6 | 78.88 ± 0.9 | 60.27 ± 1.7 | 49.72 ± 1.1 | 35.00 ± 1.4 | 27.77 ± 1.1 |
7a | 69.16 ± 8.2 | 61.38 ± 2.9 | 48.61 ± 0.6 | 40.27 ± 0.6 | 28.61 ± 1.1 |
7b | 65.27 ± 7.6 | 60.27 ± 1.4 | 47.77 ± 3.3 | 41.66 ± 6.9 | 28.88 ± 4.3 |
7c | 68.61 ± 9.3 | 61.11 ± 3.0 | 48.05 ± 1.7 | 39.72 ± 1.4 | 28.05 ± 1.9 |
7d | 65.83 ± 9.8 | 63.05 ± 3.0 | 47.77 ± 0.6 | 42.77 ± 8.2 | 29.44 ± 1.9 |
7e | 77.22 ± 2.1 | 57.5 ± 1.1 | 48.33 ± 1.4 | 33.61 ± 1.1 | 23.61 ± 1.1 |
7f | 76.94 ± 3.4 | 64.16 ± 2.8 | 60.27 ± 1.7 | 43.88 ± 3.3 | 39.72 ± 3.8 |
8 | 67.77 ± 9.2 | 61.11 ± 4.3 | 48.33 ± 3.6 | 42.50 ± 7.6 | 29.72 ± 6.2 |
Hexaconazole 5% SC | 70.55 ± 5.8 | 61.66 ± 1.9 | 48.88 ± 0.0 | 40.83 ± 1.7 | 29.44 ± 1.1 |
The structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that compounds 5f, 7b, and 7f exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on fungal growth compared to the commercially available fungicide hexaconazole (Table 5 and Fig. 4). However, compound 5f displayed the highest antifungal activity and was approximately three times more potent than hexaconazole in this study. In general, the results of antifungal activity showed that most of the compounds of the 5a–f series were found to be more potent than their corresponding isomers of the 7a–f series. The superiority of the former could be attributed to the higher basicity given by amines than imines as alkylated amines have yielded more fruitful results than alkylated imines. Interestingly, the replacement of the carbonyl group of the isatin ring with pyrrole to afford compound 5f produced stronger antifungal activity than for compound 5e. This illustrated that the pyrrole ring played a significant role in enhancing the activity of the targeted compounds in both series. Moreover, the chloro-substituted derivative 5b favored the activity rather than the fluoro-substituted derivative 5e.
Compounds | ED50a (μM) | Lower fiducial limit | Upper fiducial limit | χ2 | Regression equation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a ED50 is the effective dose that causes 50% of the maximal cause. | |||||
5a | 2.47 | 1.82 | 3.349 | 0.165 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
5b | 2.33 | 1.711 | 3.164 | 0.186 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
5c | 2.87 | 2.259 | 3.689 | 0.247 | 1.28x ± 0.48 |
5d | 2.44 | 1.917 | 3.103 | 1.734 | 1.2x ± 0.3 |
5e | 3.38 | 2.695 | 4.372 | 1.247 | 1.6x ± 0.6 |
5f | 0.96 | 0.597 | 1.319 | 2.735 | 1x ± 0.1 |
6 | 2.50 | 1.992 | 3.147 | 2.299 | 1.12x ± 0.52 |
7a | 2.56 | 1.89 | 3.502 | 0.212 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
7b | 2.75 | 1.955 | 3.951 | 0.718 | 0.8x ± 0.4 |
7c | 2.65 | 1.964 | 3.636 | 0.251 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
7d | 2.51 | 1.801 | 3.528 | 0.341 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
7e | 2.77 | 2.208 | 3.528 | 1.35 | 1.6x ± 0.6 |
7f | 1.48 | 0.963 | 2.036 | 1.51 | 0.96x ± 0.16 |
8 | 2.54 | 1.807 | 3.59 | 1.431 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
Hexaconazole 5% SC | 2.44 | 1.813 | 3.318 | 0.164 | 0.96x ± 0.36 |
S. N. | Drug name (ligand) | Binding energy (kcal mol−1) | Interaction with amino acids |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 6 | −8.5 | PRO A: 83, HIDA: 84, GLU A: 85, HID A: 86, SER A: 87, ARG A: 88, LEU A: 91, GLU A: 409, GLY A: 410, ALA A: 417 |
ARG B: 347, ARG B: 344, GLU B: 343, PRO B: 340, PHE B: 412, ARG B: 405, ASP B: 405, GLU B: 406, LYS B: 426, GLN B: 425 | |||
2 | 8 | −7.1 | ASN: 141, HID: 148, ASN: 152, ASN: 177, GLN: 181, CYS: 182, LEU: 183, PHE: 184, GLY: 185, GLU: 186, ARG: 189, LYS: 190, ASP: 193, ALA: 194, ARG: 195, SER: 257, THR: 258, SER: 259, ASP: 260 |
3 | 5f | −11.3 | HID A: 86, SER A: 87, PHE A: 90, LEU A: 91, PRO A: 92, ARG A: 93, VAL A: 96, ASP B: 337, PRO B: 340, GLU B: 343, ARG B: 344, ARG B: 347, GLU B: 348, ARG B: 351, ASP A: 366, VAL A: 367, LYS A: 368, ASP B: 405, GLU A: 409, GLY A: 410, ALA A: 417 |
4 | 7f | −8.4 | ALA A: 318, LYS A: 321, GLU A: 322, PHE A: 326, ASP A: 337, GLU A: 338, PRO A: 340, PHE A: 341, GLU A: 343, ARG A: 344 GLN B: 329, ASN B: 331 |
5 | Hexaconazole | −6.2 | LYS: 138, GLN: 140, ASN: 141, PHE: 142, GLN: 181, CYS: 182, LEU: 183, SER: 259, ASP: 260, LEU: 261, GLU: 133 |
The binding interactions of the most potent antifungal compounds 5f and 7f were explained for their comparison. Both compounds have different orientations, which in turn results in different modes of binding in the active site of CYP51. In Fig. 6, it can be seen that the pyrrole side chains showed favorable steric interaction with the PRO B: 340, GLU B: 343, ARG B: 344, and ASP B: 405 residues and the side chain of the 1,2,3-triazole scaffolds was observed to be engaged in interaction with the PHE A: 90, LEU A: 91, and PRO A: 92 residues. In addition to these interactions, the benzothiazole core side-chain appeared to be involved in interactions with the HID A: 86, SER A: 87, and ARG A: 88 residues. As we speculated, compound 5f was found to fit very efficiently in the active site of the 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51). Fig. 6 illustrates the binding mode of compound 7f, where the pyrrole side chain shows interaction with the ASP A: 337, GLU A: 338, and ARG A: 344 residues, and the side chains of the 1,2,3-triazole scaffolds were observed to be engaged in interactions with the PHE A: 341 residue. Moreover, the benzothiazole core side-chain was observed to be engaged in interactions with the ALA A: 318, LYS A: 321, and GLU A: 322 residues.
From Table 6, it can be seen that the higher negative binding energy value of 5f (−11.3 kcal mol−1) compared to 7f (−8.4 kcal mol−1) indicated more favorable binding interactions with the CYP51 enzyme, which could explain the reason for the superiority of compound 5f over 7f. These docking results substantially agree with the above biological assay data and unveil the appropriate 14α-demethylase inhibitor design.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra04465j |
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