Erin M.
Maines
a,
Mayuri K.
Porwal
a,
Christopher J.
Ellison
*a and
Theresa M.
Reineke
*b
aDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. E-mail: maine030@umn.edu; porwa001@umn.edu; cellison@umn.edu
bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. E-mail: treineke@umn.edu
First published on 13th January 2022
Correction for ‘Sustainable advances in SLA/DLP 3D printing materials and processes’ by Erin M. Maines et al., Green Chem., 2021, 23, 6863–6897, DOI: 10.1039/D1GC01489G.
Base feedstock | Key polymerizable groups | Type of 3D printing | Additional notable aspects of sustainability | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Renewable feedstock | ||||
Lignin | Acrylate, methacrylate, coumarin | SLA/DLP | Solvent free synthesis;20–22 elimination of harmful reagents (photoinitiator);25 competitive material properties with commercial resins;21,23 photopolymerizable groups from renewable sources (coumarin)25 | 20–23, 25 |
Cellulose | Methacrylate | SLA | Degradation (hydrolytic) | 29 |
Sucrose | Methacrylate, acrylate | SLA | Solvent free synthesis; competitive material properties with commercial resins | 30 |
CL | Methacrylate, acrylate | SLA/DLP | Degradation (hydrolytic and enzymatic)31,34,35 | 31, 32, 34–36 |
LA | Methacrylate, fumarate | SLA | Photopolymerizable groups from renewable sources (fumaric acid, non-toxic)38 | 37, 38, 84 |
Terpenes | Thiol + vinyl, thiol + allyl, thiol + cyclohexene | DLP | Photopolymerizable groups from renewable sources (terpene double bonds) | 43, 44 |
Diacids | Methacrylate, alkenes | DLP/μSTL | Solvent free synthesis46 | 45, 46 |
Linseed oil | Epoxy | DLP/SLA | — | 50, 51 |
Soybean oil | Acrylate, methacrylate | SLA/DLP/DLW | Solvent free synthesis;55 competitive material properties with commercial resins55 | 53–56 |
Biogenic amines | Methacrylate, thiol + allyl | DLP | Elimination of harmful reagents (isocyanates);66, 67 solvent free synthesis; bioderived light absorber (Dopamine)69 | 66, 67, 69 |
Silk fibroin | Methacrylate | DLP | Replacement of harmful solvents | 62 |
Globular proteins | Methacrylate | SLA | Degradation (enzymatic); replacement of harmful solvents | 71 |
Hyaluronic acid | DLP | — | 72 | |
Alginate | Ionic associations | SLA | Degradation; Replacement of harmful solvents | 73 |
Keratin | DLP | Replacement of harmful solvents and reagents (inhibitor, catalyst, and initiator) | 74 | |
Waste feedstock | ||||
Waste cooking oil | Acrylate | DLP | Biodegradation by soil burial; solvent free synthesis; recovery and reuse of monomers, catalyst, and solvent used in purification | 75 |
Carbon dioxide | Methacrylate | DLP | Solvent free synthesis; elimination of harmful reagents (isocyanates); competitive material properties with commercial resins | 76 |
Reprocessable materials | ||||
Hexane di-thiol and di-allyl terephthalate | Thiol + allyl | DLP | Thermoplastic | 77 |
Acryloylmorpholine | Acryloyl | DLP | Thermoplastic | 78 |
bisphenol A glycerolate di-(meth)acrylate | Acrylate | DLP/SLA | Dynamic covalent network (transesterification); elimination of catalyst80 | 79, 80 |
Hydroxyethyl acrylate | Acrylate | DLP | Dynamic covalent network (Diels–Alder) | 81 |
Degradable feedstock | ||||
Propylene oxide and maleic anhydride | Fumaric double bond | SLA | Degradation (hydrolytic); degradation products (nontoxic) | 86, 87 |
CL and TMC | Acrylate | DLP | Renewable feedstock; degradation (hydrolytic) | 33 |
CL and LA | Methacrylate | TPP | Renewable feedstock; degradation (hydrolytic) | 39 |
Adipic acid and triethylene glycol | Methacrylate | SLA | Renewable feedstock; degradation (hydrolytic) | 88 |
1,4-butanediol, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxy methyl)propane | Thiol + propargyl, thiol + butyne-1-yl | DLP | Degradation (hydrolytic); degradation products (low molecular weight fragments) | 89 |
Gelatin | Methacrylate | TPP | Renewable feedstock; degradation (enzymatic) | 90 |
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