Van Thuy Thi Phama,
Hue Thi Nguyen
a,
Chung Thanh Nguyen
a,
Ye Seul Choia,
Dipesh Dhakal
a,
Tae-Su Kima,
Hye Jin Jungab,
Tokutaro Yamaguchia and
Jae Kyung Sohng
*ab
aDepartment of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea. E-mail: jksohng@sunmoon.ac.kr
bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
First published on 14th January 2021
Streptomyces peucetius produces doxorubicin and daunorubicin, which are important anticancer drugs. In this study, we activate peucemycin, a new antibacterial compound, using an OSMAC strategy. In general, bioactive compounds are produced in a higher amount at room temperature; however, in this study, we have demonstrated that a bioactive novel compound was successfully activated at a low temperature (18 °C) in S. peucetius DM07. Through LC-MS/MS, IR spectroscopy, and NMR analysis, we identified the structure of this compound as a γ-pyrone macrolide. This compound was found to be novel, thus named peucemycin. It is an unusual 14-membered macrocyclic γ-pyrone ring with cyclization. Also, peucemycin exhibits potential antibacterial activity and a suppressive effect on the viability of various cancer cell lines.
One strain many compound (OSMAC) is a simple and powerful approach used to activate numerous compounds such as penicibrocazines A–I, and brocaryrrozins A-B.9,10 Many successful OSMAC approaches have been reported to produce new compounds using various media,11,12 salinity,13 and metal ions.14 In addition, we applied the OSMAC approach by varying the culture conditions as temperature is a very important factor in the activation of specific compounds.15,16
Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 is known for producing important anthracyclines: daunorubicin (DNR) and doxorubicin (DXR).17 Several secondary metabolites have been explored through mass and NMR analyses; for example, 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, peucechelin, hopene, and geosmin.18–21 The in silico analysis of the S. peucetius genome exhibited that 68 BGGs exist in this strain including diverse metabolites such as PKS, NRPS, terpenes, and siderophores.22
Structure motif γ-pyrones have biologically active compounds.23 For example, candelalide A, B, C from Sesquicillium candelabrum play a role in a blocker of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3;24 aureothin from Streptomyces thioluteus has numerous biological assays and exhibits antifungal and antibacterial action;25 actinopyrone A, B, C from Streptomyces pactum has microbial activity;26 and prenylflavones, prenylflavonoids and xanthone psorospermin exhibit cytotoxic activity.27,28 Macrolides are a 14- to 16-membered lactone ring, such as erythromycin, azithromycin, and tylosin, and are used as an antibiotic in veterinary medicine.29 Macrolides are important in human therapeutics as they are safe to use in β-lactam-allergic patients, period pregnancy, pediatric and elderly patients.30
Herein, we applied the OSMAC approach by changing the culture conditions as temperature leads to the activation of a novel compound in S. peucetius; the isolation and structure of which were elicited via LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses. Furthermore, we examined the biological activity of the novel compound, which shows antibacterial and anticancer activity.
The S. peucetius DM07 strain was fermented at 18 °C for 72 h in a fermenter. The fermentation broth (5 L) was extracted with 10 L of ethyl acetate and evaporated under a reduced pressure. After that, the extract was dissolved in 50 mL methanol. The crude extract was used for mass analysis and in the purification process.
The mass analysis was performed via reversed-phase chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-HRMS). Samples were eluted with a gradient solvent mobile phase of 0.1% TFA in water and acetonitrile (0 to 12 min) at 35 °C. The 10 μL of the sample was injected. An LC-MS analysis was performed on a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source with 3 kV, 300 °C, and 600 L h−1 as the capillary voltage, desolvation gas temperature, and flow rate, respectively.
The extract of the culture broth was examined using an ultimate 3000 UPLC (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a C18 column (YMC-Pack ODS-AQ, 150 × 20 mm2) connected to a UV detector (197.7, 220.7, and 267.7 nm). The parameters used were binary gradient: 100% water (solvent A); 100% acetonitrile (solvent B); 0% B (0–3 min), 0% B to 10% B (linear gradient, 3–5 min), 10% B to 45% B (linear gradient, 5–10 min), 45% B to 75% B (linear gradient, 10–28 min), 75% B to 100% B (linear gradient, 28–32 min) 100%, 100% B to 0% B (32–35 min). The flow rate to purify the pure compound was 10 mL min−1.
The purified compound was dried, lyophilized, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6), and accessed in a 700 MHz spectrometer using a Bruker BioSpin nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer (Billerica, USA) for analyses, including one-dimensional (1D) 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),13C-NMR, and two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), rotational frame NOE spectroscopy (ROESY), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) analyses (Ochang, Republic of Korea). IR (Infrared Spectroscopy) spectra were recorded using a Bruker VERTEX 70 FTIR spectrometer using the analysis function group.
Peucemycin was also evaluated for its anticancer activity against six types of cancer cell lines. Human cancer cell lines HeLa, A549, Hep3B, A375SM, U87MG, and AGS, and a human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB, Seoul, Korea). AGS gastric cancer cells were grown in an RPMI 1640 medium by adding 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen). HeLa cervical cancer cells, Hep3B liver cancer cells, A375SM skin cancer cells, A549 lung cancer cells and MRC-5 lung normal cells were maintained in a Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 10% FBS. U87MG brains cancer cells were cultured in a minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. For the cell viability assay, various cancer cells were plated at a 2 × 103 cells per well density in 96-well culture plates. Compound peucemycin was added to each well in various concentrations (0–400 μM) and maintained at 37 °C for 72 h. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay was performed to check cell viability. Briefly, 50 μL of MTT (2 mg mL−1 stock solution) was added to the plates and maintained at 37 °C for 4 h. Each well was removed from the medium and then 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. A microplate spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance wavelength at 540 nm (Thermo Scientific Multiskan® Spectrum). The cytotoxicity assays were executed on triplets, and the results are shown as mean values standard error (SE).
No. | δC, type | δH (J, Hz) | No. | δC, type | δH (J, Hz) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a Spectra recorded at 700 MHz (1H) and 176 MHz (13C). | |||||
1 | 160.46, C | 14 | 114.78, CH | 6.21 (1H, d, 0.96) | |
2 | 39.71, CH2 | 3.66 (1H, dd, 15.8, 1.16), 3.73 (1H, d, 15.88) | 16 | 136.88, CH | 6.08 (1H, s) |
3 | 167.60, CO | 17 | 137.30, C | ||
5 | 60.99, CH2 | 4.97 (1H, d, 12.41), 5.02 (1H, d, 12.42) | 18 | 132.63, CH | 5.18 (1H, td, J = 7.40, 7.39, 1.37) |
6 | 132.92, C | 19 | 21.24, CH2 | 2.10 (2H, m) | |
7 | 128.71, CH | 6.01 (1H, dd, 16.07, 1.61) | 20 | 14.78, CH3 | 0.97 (3H, t, 7.5) |
8 | 130.71, CH | 5.70 (1H, dd, 16.19, 4.91) | 21 | 23.71, CH2 | 2.08 (2H, m) |
9 | 74.86, CH | 4.32 (1H, q, 4.65, 4.65, 4.33) | 22 | 13.71, CH3 | 0.91 (3H, t, 7.6) |
10 | 72.16, CH | 4.91 (1H, s) | 23 | 119.22, CH | 6.29 (1H, d, 15.72) |
11 | 163.22, C | 24 | 138.74, CH | 6.83 (1H, dt, 15.79, 6.59, 6.59) | |
12 | 122.70, C | 25 | 27.08, CH2 | 2.15 (2H, td, 7.07, 6.88, 1.58) | |
13 | 178.55, CO | 26 | 14.01, CH3 | 1.02 (3H, t, 7.5) |
The IR spectrum of the compound showed absorption bands for the carbonyl stretch CO of the aliphatic esters that appear at 1738 cm−1, a C–O stretch appears at 1287 cm−1, a stretching vibration of the C
C bond (olefins) at 1653 cm−1, a CH3-asymmetric stretching-vibration absorption at 2972 cm−1, a CH2-stretching-vibration absorption at 2936 cm−1, a CH-asymmetric stretching-vibration absorption at 2862 cm−1, and the carboxylic acid with –OH stretching absorption from 3522 to 3192 cm−1 (Fig. S1†).34
The 1H and 13C NMR data of the compound in DMSO-d6 is summarized in Table 1. The 1H–13C connectivity of all bonds was confirmed by an HMQC. The COSY and HMBC spectra are shown in Fig. 2a. A comprehensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra reveals the 1H-NMR spectrum of peucemycin: three methyl groups at δH 0.91 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), δH 0.97 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H), δH 1.02 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H); two singlets δH 4.91 (s, 1H), and 6.08 (s, 1H); five doublets at δH 3.73 (d, J = 15.88 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J = 12.41 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (d, J = 12.42 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 0.96 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 15.72 Hz, 1H); three double of doublets δH 3.66 (dd, J = 15.8, 1.16 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (dd, J = 16.07, 1.61 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (dd, J = 16.19, 4.91 Hz, 1H); two triple of doublets δH 5.18 (td, J = 1.37, 7.39, 7.40 Hz, 1H), and 2.15 (td, J = 1.58, 7.07, 6.88 Hz, 2H); one double of triplets δH 6.83 (dt, J = 6.59, 6.59, 15.79 Hz, 1H); one quartet δH 4.32 (q, J = 4.65, 4.65, 4.33 Hz, 1H); and multiplets 2.12–2.06 (m, 4H) (Fig. S2a†). The 13C-NMR spectrum of peucemycin revealed twenty-four carbon signals. The 13C-NMR spectrum of peucemycin revealed twenty-four carbon signals in combination with DEPT and HSQC spectra, and these can be categorized as conjugated ketone carbonyls at δC 178.55 (C-13), an ester carbonyl group at δC 167.6 (C-3), oxy-quaternary sp2 at δC 160.46 (C-1), 163.22 (C-11), oxy-methine at δC 74.86 (C-9), 72.16 (C-10), quaternary sp2 δC 132.92 (C-6), 122.7 (C-12), 137.30 (C-17), methine sp2 δC 128.71 (C-7), 130.71 (C-8), 114.78 (C-14), 136.88 (C-16), 132.63 (C-18), 119.22 (C-23), 138.74 (C-24), methylene δC 39.71 (C-2), 60.99 (C-5), 21.24 (C-19), 23.71 (C-21), 27.08 (C-25) and three methyl δC 14.78 (C-20), 13.71 (C-22), 14.01 (C-26) carbon (Fig. S2b and e†).
The consecutive COSY correlation observed between H-7/H-8, H-23/24, H-19/Me-20, H-21/Me-22 and H-25/Me-26 together with the HMBC correlations from Me-20 to C-19, 18, Me-22 to C-21, C-17 and Me-26 to C-25, C-24 indicate the presence of three methyl groups at C-20, C-22 and C-26 (Fig. 2c). The COSY correlations between H-7/H-8, H-23/H-24 along with the HMBC correlations from H-7 and H-8 to C-9, C-6 and from H-23, and H-24 to C-25 confirm the presence of a methane group (Fig. 2a). H-14 showed HMBC correlation to C-2, C-1, C-13 and C-12, suggesting the presence of a ring (Fig. 2a and S2f†). The relative configuration of peucemycin was deduced through the analysis of its ROESY spectrum. The ROE correlations between H-2/H-14, H-10/H-23, H-7/H-9, H-7/H-16, H-8/H-5, H-5/H-16, H-16/H-18, H-16/H-21, Me-20/H-19, Me-22/H-21, Me-26/H-25, H-9/OH-27 suggest that these protons are on the same side of the molecule. The ROE correlations between H-27/H-28 showed negative signals, which indicate that OH-27 and OH-28 are attached syn-addition confirmation (Fig. 2b and S2d†).
Based on the mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, the compound was named as (6Z,7E)-12-((E)-but-1-en-1-yl)-6-((E)-2-ethylpent-2-en-1-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroxy-4,15-dioxabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(14),7,11-triene-3,13-dione (peucemycin). The chemical structure of peucemycin shows a novel chemical architecture, thus it was allocated as a novel compound.
In addition, S. peucetius is a prominent producer of anticancer compounds, such as doxorubicin. Hence, we were interested to evaluate the anticancer activity of peucemycin; therefore, we checked the cell inhibitory effect of peucemycin by the assessment of the viability of various tumor cell lines. Although the effective dose for anticancer is high, peucemycin has a suppressive effect on the viability of various cancer cell lines. The IC50 value of peucemycin against cancer cells for AGS cells was at 161.6 μM, HeLa cells at 139.9 μM, A549 cells at 135.5 μM, U87MG at 128.9 μM, A375SM cells at 120.2 μM, and Hep3B at 82.56 μM. The compound exhibited the highest growth-inhibitory activity with liver cancer cells (Hep3B). Moreover, the IC50 value of peucemycin on MRC-5 normal lung fibroblast cells 316 μM was much higher than that on A549 lung cancer cells (135.5 μM) (Fig. 4). Thus peucemycin showed modest activity with cancer cells. In contrast, doxorubicin has very toxic effects on the normal cells MRC-5 (IC50 0.1 μM), human lung cancer cells A549 (IC50 4.91 μM).35 The result indicated that peucemycin is less toxic than doxorubicin against the tested cell lines, which predicts the potential selectivity of peucemycin against the various cancer cells.
Previous studies have reported that environment stress such as temperature, pH, salinity, and elicitors affect the growth and productivity of microorganisms.3,44 Secondary metabolites including activity compounds were influenced by the culture temperature in Pseudogymnoascus sp., Penicillium flavigenum, and Atradidymella sp.44 Sadeghy and Hatami reported that Streptomyces sp. isolates C-26 and C-11 and there was a maximum metabolite production such as antifungal compounds when the culture condition was changed from 40 °C to 70 °C.15 Streptomyces sp. RUPA-08PR increased the antibiotic production at 39 °C.16 Previously, S. peucetius showed the highest doxorubicin and daunorubicin production at 28 °C.45 In general, bioactive compounds are produced higher at room temperature; however, in this study, we demonstrated that a bioactive novel compound was successfully activated at a low temperature (18 °C) in S. peucetius (Fig. 1), which has never been achieved previously in this strain.
In this study, we described a structurally novel type I polyketide peucemycin. It is an unprecedented γ-pyrone macrocyclic with a cyclization γ-pyrone ring in the 14-membered macrolide. How cyclization occurs at the γ-pyrone ring in peucemycin is yet to be studied. However, onchidione from Onchidium sp. also has the same type of cyclization that contains two γ-pyrone rings.46 In natural products, pyrone macrolides have been reported present in alga: macrocyclic γ-pyrones from red alga Phacelocarpus labillardieri,47 Phacelocarpus peperocarpos,48 neurymenolide A and B from the Fijian red alga Neurymenia fraxinifolia.49 This is the first time that a γ-pyrone macrolide has been reported from a bacteria.
In previous literature, macrolides have been used for infectious disease treatments instead of penicillin for patients allergic to penicillin. Erythromycin, the first macrolide, has a potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Macrolide resistance mechanisms such as mutations of the antibiotic target (transition and transversion), decreased accumulation by enhanced efflux mediated, and hydrolysis degradation to the inactivation of macrolide were found.50 New macrolide ketolides exhibit greater activity with macrolide-resistant streptococci, pneumococci.41,51 Peucemycin shows a new type of chemical scaffold within the macrolide core, and this feature promises it to become a novel template for the design and development of new antibiotics. In this study, peucemycin shows antibacterial activities against some human pathogens (Fig. 3) and cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines (Fig. 4). For further study, we will look for the pathway synthesis of this compound and characterize it in detail.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: FR-RT spectrum, NMR. See DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06099b |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 |