Sodium citrate as a self-sacrificial sodium compensation additive for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Commercial sodium citrate is proposed as the self-sacrificial cathode additive for the first time to offset the initial sodium loss. The optimum additive can obviously increase the energy density of the as-constructed hard carbon//Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃/rGO full-cell by 28.9% without sacrificing its other electrochemical properties, showing promising application prospects in sodium ion batteries.