Nijat
Hasanli
a,
Alex
Scrimshire
b,
Paul A.
Bingham
b,
Robert G.
Palgrave
c and
Michael A.
Hayward
*a
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK. E-mail: michael.hayward@chem.ox.ac.uk
bMaterials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
cDepartment of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
First published on 4th August 2020
Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 adopt distorted perovskite structures (space group Pnma) with A-site and B-site cation disorder. A combination of XPS and 57Fe Mössbauer data indicate the transition metal cations in the two phases adopt Mn3+/Rh4+ and Fe3+/Rh4+ oxidation state combinations respectively. Transport data indicate both phases are insulating, with ρ vs. T dependences consistent with 3D variable-range hopping. Magnetisation data reveal that La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 adopts a ferromagnetic state below Tc ∼ 60 K, which is rationalized on the basis of coupling via a dynamic Jahn–Teller distortion mechanism. In contrast, magnetic data reveal La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 undergoes a transition to a spin-glass state at T ∼ 45 K, attributed to frustration between nearest-neighbour Fe–Rh and next-nearest-neighbour Fe–Fe couplings.
Recently there has been much interest in perovskite oxide compounds which combine 3d and 4d or 3d and 5d transition-metal cations, because the contrasting features of the 3d (narrow metal d-bands, large on-site electron–electron repulsion) and 4d/5d (broad d-bands, low on-site repulsion, strong spin–orbit coupling for 5d) cations can result in novel behaviour when they are combined.3,4 For example, Sr2FeMoO6 exhibits half-metallic ferromagnetic behaviour attributed to the interaction between the localized 3d5 electronic configuration of Fe3+ and the delocalized 4d1 electrons of Mo5+,5 with similar behaviour observed in other 3d/4d and 3d/5d systems.6,7
In a broader context the inter-cation magnetic couplings in mixed 3d/4d and 3d/5d perovskite oxides do not generally appear to follow the Goodenough Kanamouri rules8 which dominate 3d systems.9–11 However, to date only a subset of the 3d/4d and 3d/5d perovskite oxide phases which could be envisioned have been reported,12 so it is hard to formulate broad magnetic coupling rules for this class of compound. To help address this situation, we have been studying mixed perovskite phases containing rhodium.
A range of Rh-containing perovskite oxides of the form LaM0.5Rh0.5O3 have been reported (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) with M/Rh cation disordered structures.13–16 The unit cell volumes of these LaM0.5Rh0.5O3 compounds are broadly consistent with an M3+/Rh3+ oxidation state combination, with the exception of LaCu0.5Rh0.5O3 which appears to adopt a configuration close to a Cu2+/Rh4+ combination.13,15 However, Curie constants obtained by fitting the Curie–Weiss law to temperature-dependent magnetization data deviate from values expected for combinations of M3+ and low-spin, S = 0 Rh3+, casting some doubt on this oxidation state assignment.13 In the case of LaCo0.5Rh0.5O3 the deviations are large and temperature dependent and have been attributed to both a change in the spin-state of Co3+ and the presence of Co2+/Rh4+ oxidation state combinations.17–19
Here we report two further cation-disordered rhodium-containing perovskite oxides, La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3. Using a combination of XPS and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy we demonstrate that, even though these compounds were prepared at ambient pressure, the rhodium cations adopt an Rh4+ oxidation state, resulting in ferromagnetic behaviour for La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and spin-glass behaviour for La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed using a Kratos Axis SUPRA XPS fitted with a monochromated Al Kα X-ray source (1486.7 eV), a spherical sector analyser and 3 multichannel resistive plate, 128 channel delay line detectors. All data was recorded at 150 W and a spot size of 700 × 300 μm. Survey scans were recorded at a pass energy of 160 eV, and high-resolution scans recorded at a pass energy of 20 eV. Electronic charge neutralization was achieved using a magnetic immersion lens. Filament current = 0.27 A, charge balance = 3.3 V, filament bias = 3.8 V. All sample data was recorded at a pressure below 10−8 Torr and a room temperature of 294 K. Data was analysed using CasaXPS v2.3.18PR1.0. C 1s sp3 peaks were calibrated to 284.8 eV.
Atom | x | y | z | Occupancy | U iso (Å2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 space group Pnma (#62). a = 5.4830(1) Å, b = 7.7769(1) Å, 5.5364(1) Å, volume = 236.08(1). Formula mass: 240.18 g mol−1, Z = 4. Radiation source: Synchrotron X-ray, λ = 0.82622 Å. χ2 = 19.75; wRp = 2.92%; Rp = 1.88%. | |||||
La/Sr | 0.5181(1) | ¼ | 0.0023(1) | 0.5/0.5 | 0.009(1) |
Mn/Rh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5/0.5 | 0.004(1) |
O(1) | 0.0000(6) | ¼ | 0.9434(6) | 1 | 0.009(1) |
O(2) | 0.2701(8) | 0.0305(4) | 0.2189(6) | 1 | 0.020(1) |
Cation | Anion | Bond length (Å) |
---|---|---|
Mn/Rh | O(1) × 2 | 1.969(1) |
O(2) × 2 | 1.928(4) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.017(4) | |
La/Sr | O(1) | 2.470(3) |
O(1) | 2.662(3) | |
O(1) | 2.859(3) | |
O(1) | 3.070(3) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.490(4) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.684(4) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.758(3) | |
O(2) × 2 | 3.117(4) |
Atom | x | y | z | Occupancy | U iso (Å2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 space group Pnma (#62). a = 5.5254(3) Å, b = 7.8602(5) Å, 5.5635(4) Å, volume = 241.63(3). Formula mass: 240.63 g mol−1, Z = 4. Radiation source: Synchrotron X-ray, λ = 0.8259 Å. χ2 = 15.85; wRp = 2.41%; Rp = 1.54%. | |||||
La/Sr | 0.5138(3) | ¼ | 0.0012(6) | 0.5/0.5 | 0.007(1) |
Fe/Rh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5/0.5 | 0.003(1) |
O(1) | 0.9982(5) | ¼ | 0.0369(4) | 1 | 0.009(1) |
O(2) | 0.2294(3) | 0.9594(1) | 0.2800(2) | 1 | 0.016(1) |
Cation | Anion | Bond (Å) |
---|---|---|
Fe/Rh | O(1) × 2 | 1.976(1) |
O(2) × 2 | 1.958(1) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.033(1) | |
La/Sr | O(1) | 2.571(4) |
O(1) | 2.684(3) | |
O(1) | 2.856(3) | |
O(1) | 2.995(4) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.456(2) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.678(2) | |
O(2) × 2 | 2.849(2) | |
O(2) × 2 | 3.176(2) |
Doublet | C S (mm s−1) | Δ (mm s−1) | HWHM (mm s−1) | Site population (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.361(18) | 0.371(6) | 0.166(16) | 63(19) |
2 | 0.195(42) | 0.355(14) | 0.184(24) | 37(19) |
We attribute the need to use two doublets to obtain a satisfactory fit to the Fe/Rh cation-disordered structure of La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3. Each octahedral transition-metal coordination site in the perovskite framework is surrounded by 6 others. In a disordered Fe/Rh array the majority of the iron cations with have 3 iron neighbours and 3 rhodium neighbours. However there will be a significant number which have Fe2Rh4 or Fe4Rh2 surrounding them and a smaller number with Fe1Rh5 or Fe5Rh1. When we also consider that the Fe3Rh3 environments can be arranged as either fac or mer, and the Fe2Rh4 and Fe4Rh2 as cis or trans, it can be seen that there are a large number of local environments for the iron cations within the disordered Rh/Fe array, each with a different Mössbauer chemical shift and doublet splitting. It is not possible to resolve this large number of components from the data in a meaningful way, so we have utilized a 2-doublet fit to extract the range of Cs and Δ values spanned by the different Fe local coordination environments. Comparison with literature standards indicates these signals correspond to octahedrally coordinated Fe3+.22,23
To investigate the possibility that some Fe4+ cations are present in La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 we have performed a further fit in which one doublet was fixed at CS = 0, corresponding to Fe4+. This approach also gives a reasonable fit to the data and indicates a maximum concentration of 12(2)% Fe4+ as described in detail in the ESI.†
Fig. 4 Binding energy separation between O 1s and Rh 3d peaks of (a) LaSrFe0.5Rh0.5O3 and (b) LaSrFe0.5Rh0.5O3 which is consistent with the presence of Rh4+ in both cases. |
Similarly, a Rh 3d spectrum collected from La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3, shown in Fig. 4b, exhibits a well resolved Rh 3d5/2 component centred at BE = 308.7 eV (FWHM = 1.45 eV), a Rh 3d3/2 component centred at BE = 313.4 eV (FWHM = 2.16 eV) and a O 1s–Rh 3d5/2 separation of 220.0 eV which also indicate an oxidation state of Rh4+.24,25 Mn 2p spectra (Fig. S3, ESI†) exhibit a well resolved Mn 2p3/2 component centred at BE = 641.6 eV (FWHM = 3.79 eV) and a Mn 2p1/2 component centred at BE = 652.9 eV (FWHM = 4.35 eV), consistent with Mn3+.26,28 These data indicate an Mn3+/Rh4+ oxidation state combination for La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3.
Fig. 5 ZFC and FC magnetisation data collected from La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 in an applied field of 100 Oe. Inset shows magnetisation-field isotherms collected at 300 K and 5 K. |
Temperature-dependent 4-probe transport measurements indicate that La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 is highly resistive, with a semiconducting/insulating temperature dependence (δρ/δT < 0) as shown in Fig. 6. A plot of lnρ against T−1/4 is linear in the range 90 < T/K < 300 consistent with 3D variable range hopping.
Fig. 6 Temperature-dependent resistivity of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3. Inset shows fit to 3D variable-range hopping model. |
Temperature-dependent 4-probe transport measurements indicate that La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 is highly resistive, with a semiconducting/insulating temperature dependence (δρ/δT < 0) as shown in Fig. 8. A plot of lnρ against T−1/4 is linear in the range 50 < T/K < 300 consistent with 3D variable range hopping.
Fig. 8 Temperature-dependent resistivity of La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3. Inset shows fit to 3D variable-range hopping model. |
La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 also adopts a cation-disordered, a−a−c+ distorted, GdFeO3-type perovskite structure. Comparison with the reported structure of LaFe0.5Rh0.5O313 again reveals that substitution of La3+ with Sr2+ leads to a contraction in unit cell volume, consistent with oxidation of the transition metals.
XPS and 57Fe Mössbauer data indicate the predominant oxidation state combinations of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 are Mn3+/Rh4+ and Fe3+/Rh4+ respectively. This is unexpected considering the oxide chemistry of these transition metals. For example, Mn3+ is not particularly stable in perovskite oxides, as illustrated by the observation that LaMnO3 must be prepared under low oxygen partial pressures to avoid the formation of mixed-valent Mn3+/4+ ‘LaMnO3+δ’ phases.30 In contrast the preparation of Mn4+ containing perovskite oxides, such as SrMnO3, can be readily achieved by heating in air.31 Rhodium shows the opposite trend with Rh3+ perovskites such as LaRhO3 being readily prepared in air,32 while Rh4+ perovskite oxides such as SrRhO3 require high-pressure synthesis conditions.33 It is therefore surprising that combining the two ‘more stable’ perovskite phases LaRhO3 and SrMnO3 to form La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 leads to a change in oxidation states from a Mn4+/Rh3+ combination in the ternary phases to a Mn3+/Rh4+ in the quaternary product. Rh4+ has been observed in perovskite oxides prepared at ambient pressure when it is combined with either electronegative elements such as Cu (LaCu0.52+Rh0.54+O3)15 or elements which only exhibit a single divalent cation oxidation state (LaZn0.52+Rh0.54+O3, LaMg0.52+Rh0.54+O3).34 However, the observation of Rh4+ in the presence of cations such as Fe3+ and Mn3+ which can be oxidized relatively easily is unexpected and suggests the 3d and 4d levels of Mn/Fe and Rh respectively are of similar energy.
The ferromagnetic behaviour of LaMn0.5Ga0.5O3 has been rationalized by observing that partial substitution of the Mn3+ cations in LaMnO3 by a non-Jahn–Teller ion (e.g. Ga3+) suppresses the static Jahn–Teller distortion (orbital ordering) of the MnIIIO6 units present in the unsubstituted phase.35,37 In the absence of a static Jahn–Teller distortion (long-range orbital order), local dynamic Jahn–Teller distortions predominate which make all the Mn–O–Mn exchange couplings ferromagnetic, thus explaining the ferromagnetic order observed for LaMn1−xGaxO3 phases with x > 0.5.35,37 This mechanism can also be invoked to explain the ferromagnetic behaviour of LaMn0.5Rh0.5O3 as it is observed that the substitution of diamagnetic, low-spin d6, Rh3+ into LaMnO3 suppresses the static Jahn–Teller distortion of the MnIIIO6 units in a manner directly analogous to Ga3+ substitution.15,38
We propose that this dynamic Jahn–Teller mechanism is also the origin of the ferromagnetic behaviour of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3, as the substitution of Rh4+ for Mn3+ suppresses the static Jahn–Teller distortion of the manganese centres, leading to ferromagnetic couplings between Mn3+ cations in this cation-disordered material. It may be expected that the presence of paramagnetic Rh4+ centres would perturb the ferromagnetic Mn–O–Mn couplings, however the observation that the Curie temperature of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 (Tc ∼ 60 K) is very similar to those of LaMn0.5Rh0.5O3 (Tc = 65 K)15,16 and LaMn0.5Ga0.5O3 (Tc = 70 K)35,36 indicates any Mn–O–Rh couplings present are weak. It is not clear if the Rh spins contribute to the magnetically ordered state of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3.
Magnetization data collected from La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 in the temperature range 60 < T/K < 300 exhibit the temperature-dependence of the Curie–Weiss Law (Fig. 6). However, the Curie constant extracted from these data (C = 1.132(1) cm3 K mol−1) is much smaller than expected for simple paramagnetic behaviour for either an Fe3+/Rh4+ (Cexpected = 2.375 cm3 K mol−1) or an Fe4+/Rh3+ (Cexpected = 1.50 cm3 K mol−1) oxidation state combination. This indicates that strong spin–spin interactions are present in this temperature range, which is consistent with the large temperature-independent susceptibility observed (K = 7.75(7) × 10−4 cm3 mol−1) which contributes ∼20% to the total susceptibility at 300 K.
On cooling below T = 45 K, La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 undergoes a transition to a spin-glass state. In order to adopt a spin-glass state a system must be crystallographically disordered, and subject to magnetic frustration. If we consider the nearest-neighbour super exchange couplings in La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 we observe FeIII–O–FeIII should be strongly antiferromagnetic, RhIV–O–RhIV should also be antiferromagnetic, but only weakly, and FeIII–O–RhIV should be ferromagnetic.8 If these are the only significant magnetic couplings, a disordered Fe/Rh array would not be subject to magnetic frustration, making the observed spin-glass behaviour of La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 a little puzzling.
Battle et al. considered the spin-glass states of SrFe0.5Ru0.5O3 and Sr2Fe0.5Ru0.5O4 which arise from disordered arrays of Fe3+ and Ru5+.39,40 The nearest-neighbour super exchange couplings in SrFe0.5Ru0.5O3 and Sr2Fe0.5Ru0.5O4 are directly analogous to those in La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3: FeIII–O–FeIII is antiferromagnetic, RuV–O–RuV is antiferromagnetic and FeIII–O–RuV is ferromagnetic.
Battle et al. concluded that the order of coupling strengths is FeIII–O–FeIII > RuV–O–RuV ∼ FeIII–O–RuV ∼ FeIII–O–O–FeIII where this last term is the next-nearest-neighbour Fe–Fe coupling. In this situation, frustration arises because the ferromagnetic FeIII–O–RuV couplings align next-nearest neighbour Fe spins ferromagnetically, but the FeIII–O–O–FeIII super–super exchange coupling is antiferromagnetic and the two couplings have about the same strength. We propose that a similar frustration between nearest-neighbour FeIII–O–RhIV and next-nearest-neighbour FeIII–O–O–FeIII couplings is responsible for the spin-glass behaviour in La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3.
It is interesting to note that the contrasting magnetic behaviour of La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 can be understood on the basis of the relative strengths of the different transition-metal couplings in the two systems – the dominance of 3d–3d couplings in La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 leading to ferromagnetism; the comparable strengths of 3d–3d, 3d–4d couplings in La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 resulting in spin-glass behaviour.
Footnote |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Mn 2P and Fe 2P XPS from La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Rh0.5O3 and La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3 respectively; additional fits to 57Fe Mössbauer data from La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.5Rh0.5O3. See DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02466j |
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