Progress in mechanochemical synthesis of catalysts for the CO2 processes: a step towards carbon neutrality

Abstract

This review examines mechanochemical synthesis as a solvent-free and scalable approach for high-performance CO₂ reduction catalysts. Mechanical energy-driven methods, particularly high-energy ball milling, enable controlled defect formation, enhanced metal-support interactions, and atomic dispersion, thereby improving CO₂ activation and conversion. Recent advances are discussed across major reaction pathways, including methanation (>99% CH₄ selectivity), light olefin production (55.4% selectivity), photocatalytic CO₂ reduction (CO production up to 306.1 µmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), and integrated capture utilization systems. Structure performance relationships and techno-economic aspects are evaluated, highlighting 60–90% waste reduction and 20–50% energy savings relative to conventional synthesis. Overall, mechanochemistry represents a versatile and scalable platform for advancing sustainable CO₂ valorization strategies.