Unravelling the 6sp ← 6s absorption spectra of Bi(iii) complexes

Abstract

We report a spectroscopic and computational study that investigates the absorption spectra of Bi(III) complexes, which often show an absorption band in the UV region (∼270–350 nm) due to 6sp ← 6s transitions. We investigated the spectra of three simple complexes, [BiCl₅]²⁻, [BiCl₆]³⁻ and [Bi(DMSO)₈]³⁺, which show absorption maxima at 334, 326 and 279 nm due to ³P₁ ← ¹S₀ transitions. Theoretical calculations based on quasi-degenerate N-electron valence perturbation theory to second order (QD-NEVPT2) provide an accurate description of the absorption spectra when employing CAS(2,9) wave functions. We next investigated the absorption spectra of the [Bi(NOTA)] complex (H₃NOTA = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), which forms ternary complexes [Bi(NOTA)X]⁻ (X = Cl, Br or I) in the presence of excess halide in aqueous solutions. Halide binding has an important impact on the position of the ³P₁ ← ¹S₀ transition, which shifts progressively to longer wavelengths from 282 nm ([Bi(NOTA)]) to 298 nm (X = Cl), 305 nm (X = Br) and 325 nm (X = I). Subsequent QD-NEVPT2 calculations indicate that this effect is related to the progressive stabilization of the spin–orbit free states associated with the 6s¹6p¹ configuration on increasing the covalent character of the metal–ligand(s) bonds, rather than with significant differences in spin–orbit coupling (SOC). These studies provide valuable insight into the coordination chemistry of Bi(III), an ion with increasing interest in targeted alpha therapy due to the possible application of bismuth isotopes bismuth-212 (²¹²Bi, t_1/2 = 60.6 min) and bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi, t_1/2 = 45.6 min).