Nitrogen-rich ion salts of 1-hydroxytetrazole-5-hydrazide: a new series of energetic compounds that combine good stability and high energy performance

Abstract

High-efficiency explosives that combine high stability and excellent energy performance are one of the key directions of energetic materials research. In this study, a novel monocyclic hydroxytetrazole derivative (3) with high stability was prepared, and a series of insensitive energetic ionic salts were derived from it. Benefiting from their outstanding performance in terms of density, 3D hydrogen bonding and π-electron interactions, these salts are excellent in both detonation performance (D = 8709 to 9314 m s⁻¹ and P = 29.9 to 35.6 GPa) and thermal stability (T_d = 193.0–232.2 °C). The hydrazine salt (2) exhibits high detonation properties (D = 9314 m s⁻¹ and P = 35.6 GPa), due to its high density (ρ = 1.71 g cm⁻³) and high heat of formation (Δ_fH = 563.2 kJ mol⁻¹ = 3.19 kJ g⁻¹). In addition, the high thermal stability (T_d = 232.0 °C) and low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 30 J and FS = 360 N) of 2 are also unmatched by HMX and TKX-50. These improved properties demonstrate the great promise of 2 as an insensitive high-energy explosive.