The impact of temperature and unwanted impurities on slow compression of ice

Abstract

For slowly compressed hexagonal ice pressure-induced amorphisation to high-density amorphous ice (HDA) takes place below and at 130 K, but polymorphic transformation to ice IX takes place at 140–170 K. Stable ice II only forms above 170 K. Ice IX impurities trigger ice IX growth even at 120 K. HDA and ice IX are equally long-lived, where both can be regarded as metastable phases.