A dual-photoelectrode photofuel cell based self-powered aptasensor using a multimeter as a direct visual readout strategy

Abstract

A self-powered aptasensor based on a dual-photoelectrode photofuel cell, whose maximum power density and open circuit potential respectively reached 10.77 μW cm⁻² and 0.664 V, was proposed combined with a digital multimeter as a direct visual readout strategy, providing a meaningful perspective for miniaturized, implantable, and on-site sensors.