Quantitatively resolving multivalent interactions on a macroscopic scale using force spectroscopy

Abstract

Multivalent interactions remain difficult to be characterized and consequently controlled, particularly on a macroscopic scale. Using force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS), we have resolved the single-, double-, and triple-biotin–streptavidin interactions, multivalent DNA interactions and CXCL12–CXCR4 interactions on millimetre-scale surfaces. Our results establish FIRMS as a viable method for systematic resolution and controlled formation of multivalent interactions.