Linear free energy relationships for electrophilic substitutions at α- and β-positions of thiophen
Abstract
Isomer distributions have been determined for several electrophilic substitutions of thiophen: bromination by Br2 and Br+, chlorination, tin tetrachloride, or iodine-catalysed acetylation by acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetylation, reaction with acetyl trifluoroacetate, and Vilsmeier formylation. The α : β ratios vary from 100 to over 1000, according to the ‘selectivity’ of the electrophilic agent. The results obtained together with other data from the literature permit us to test the applicability of linear free energy treatments to electrophilic substitutions at the α- and β-positions of thiophen. Plots of log αf and log βf against ρ for nine reactions are linear; from the slopes values of σα+=–0·79 and σβ+=–0·52 are obtained. The linearity obtained argues for a similarity in the character of the transition states for substitution at thiophen and benzene rings.