Spanning QTAIM topology phase diagrams of water isomers W4, W5 and W6

Abstract

Structural and chemical properties of the small water clusters W₄, W₅ and W₆ are investigated with the theory of atoms and molecules (QTAIM). For the W₄, W₅ and W₆clusters, nine, fourteen and twenty-seven conformers, respectively, have been analyzed. For the W₄, W₅ and W₆clusters one, two and three of these structures, respectively, have not been reported before. We then proceed to extend the W₄, W₅ and W₆water cluster topology space using QTAIM; the Poincaré–Hopf topological sum rules are applied to create rules to identify the spanning set of conformer topologies, this includes finding three, ten and eight new distinct topologies that satisfy the Poincaré–Hopf relation for W₄, W₅ and W₆ respectively. The topological stability of degenerate solutions to the Poincaré–Hopf relation is compared by evaluating the proximity to rupturing of critical points of the gradient vector field of the charge density. We introduce a QTAIM topology space to replace the inconsistent use of Euclidean geometry to determine whether a cluster is 1-, 2- or 3-D. We show from the topology of the charge density that the conformers of the W₄, W₅clusters are more energetically stable in less compact, planar forms, conversely the conformers of W₆ are more energetically stable with compact 3-D topologies. Quantifying the degree of covalent character in the hydrogen bonding for the W₄, W₅ and W₆clusters independently verifies this finding. Differences in simple rules for the number of hydrogen bonds obeying the Bernal–Fowler ice rules between W₄, W₅ and W₆ reflect the transition from 2-D to 3-D structures being more energetically stable. In addition, we identify a new class of O–O bonding interactions that are up to 48% longer than the inter-nuclear separation and appear to be failed hydrogen bonds.