Issue 37, 2018

Crystal structural design of exposed planes: express channels, high-rate capability cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Developing high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs) requires optimization of every battery component. Currently, the main problems lie in the mismatch of electrode capacities, especially the excessively low capacity of cathodes compared with that of anodes. Due to the anisotropy of the crystal structure, different crystal planes play different roles in the transmission of lithium ions. Among these, the {010} facets of layered-structure materials, the (110) planes of spinel cathodes and the (010) planes of olivine cathodes can provide open surface structures, which furnish express channels for the rapid and efficient transmission of lithium ions, leading to enhanced rate performance. However, due to the high-energy surfaces of these crystal planes, they tend to disappear in the synthetic process, forming thermodynamic equilibrium products dominated by low-energy and electrochemically-inactive planes. From the structure design of the material itself, preparing functional materials with specific morphologies and crystal structures is considered to be the most effective way to improve the cyclability and rate performance of LIB cathodes. In this review, we highlight the latest developments in selectively exposing the crystal planes of LIB cathode materials. The synthetic method, the corresponding electrochemical performance, especially the rate capability, and the growth mechanism have been systematically summarized for layered-structure cathodes of LiCoO2, LiNixCoyMn1−xyO2 and Li2MnO3·LiMO2, spinel cathodes of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, and olivine cathodes of LiFePO4. This in-depth discussion and understanding is beneficial for the rational design of well-performing LIB cathodes and can provide direction and perspectives for future work.

Graphical abstract: Crystal structural design of exposed planes: express channels, high-rate capability cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
14 Jun 2018
Accepted
24 Aga 2018
First published
29 Aga 2018

Nanoscale, 2018,10, 17435-17455

Crystal structural design of exposed planes: express channels, high-rate capability cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

S. Zhou, T. Mei, X. Wang and Y. Qian, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 17435 DOI: 10.1039/C8NR04842H

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