Issue 45, 2019

Tuning the bandgap of Cs2AgBiBr6 through dilute tin alloying

Abstract

The promise of lead halide hybrid perovskites for optoelectronic applications makes finding less-toxic alternatives a priority. The double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 (1) represents one such alternative, offering long carrier lifetimes and greater stability under ambient conditions. However, the large and indirect 1.95 eV bandgap hinders its potential as a solar absorber. Here we report that alloying crystals of 1 with up to 1 atom% Sn results in a bandgap reduction of up to ca. 0.5 eV while maintaining low toxicity. Crystals can be alloyed with up to 1 atom% Sn and the predominant substitution pathway appears to be a ∼2 : 1 substitution of Sn2+ and Sn4+ for Ag+ and Bi3+, respectively, with Ag+ vacancies providing charge compensation. Spincoated films of 1 accommodate a higher Sn loading, up to 4 atom% Sn, where we see mostly Sn2+ substitution for both Ag+ and Bi3+. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations ascribe the bandgap redshift to the introduction of Sn impurity bands below the conduction band minimum of the host lattice. Using optical absorption spectroscopy, photothermal deflection spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 119Sn NMR, redox titration, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, multiple elemental analysis and imaging techniques, and DFT calculations, we provide a detailed analysis of the Sn content and oxidation state, dominant substitution sites, and charge-compensating defects in Sn-alloyed Cs2AgBiBr6 (1:Sn) crystals and films. An understanding of heterovalent alloying in halide double perovskites opens the door to a wider breadth of potential alloying agents for manipulating their band structures in a predictable manner.

Graphical abstract: Tuning the bandgap of Cs2AgBiBr6 through dilute tin alloying

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
26 5月 2019
Accepted
30 9月 2019
First published
30 9月 2019
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Chem. Sci., 2019,10, 10620-10628

Tuning the bandgap of Cs2AgBiBr6 through dilute tin alloying

K. P. Lindquist, S. A. Mack, A. H. Slavney, L. Leppert, A. Gold-Parker, J. F. Stebbins, A. Salleo, M. F. Toney, J. B. Neaton and H. I. Karunadasa, Chem. Sci., 2019, 10, 10620 DOI: 10.1039/C9SC02581B

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