Assembling a molecular computer: challenges in integrating molecular logic, memory, and interconnects from the “bottom-up”

Abstract

The advancement of high-performance computing is unlocking the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning, providing significant benefits to everyday life. Miniaturization of silicon-based transistors is enabling this transformation; however, challenges such as quantum tunneling, contact resistance, and excess power consumption are significant obstacles as we approach the 5 nm limit. Molecular electronics, which replicates the function of electronic components with single molecules, offers an attractive alternative, with the molecular-scale representing the final frontier in miniaturization. Recent progress in molecular logic gates, memory units, and interconnects underscores the potential of molecular electronics to mitigate the excessive power consumption and heat generation associated with current technology. While significant progress has been made, the integration of separate components into functional devices remains limited. This review outlines the challenges of assembling molecular components within a von Neumann framework. We discuss current challenges, highlighting successful molecular electronic case studies, and then conclude with five milestones to be reached on the journey towards the world’s first functional molecular computer.