Capillary electrophoresis coupled to MALDI mass spectrometry imaging with large volume sample stacking injection for improved coverage of C. borealis neuropeptidome

Abstract

Neuropeptides are important signaling molecules responsible for a wide range of functions within the nervous and neuroendocrine system. However, they are difficult to study due to numerous challenges, most notably their large degree of variability and low abundance in vivo. As a result, effective separation methods with sensitive detection capabilities are necessary for profiling neuropeptides in tissue samples, particularly those of simplified model organisms such as crustaceans. In order to address these challenges, this study utilized a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) platform, building upon our previous design for improved neuropeptidomic coverage. The capillary was coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) to reduce peptide adsorption and reverse the electroosmotic flow, and large volume sample stacking (LVSS) was used to load and pre-concentrate 1 μL of sample. The method demonstrated good reproducibility, with lower than 5% relative standard deviation for standards, and a limit of detection of approximately 100 pM for an allatostatin III peptide standard. The method was tested on brain and sinus gland (SG) tissue extracts and enabled detection of over 200 neuropeptides per run. When comparing the number detected in brain extracts in a direct spot, 60-second fractions, and 30-second fractions, the continuous trace collection afforded by the CE-MALDI-MSI platform yielded the largest number of detected neuropeptides. The method was compared to conventional LC-ESI-MS, and though the number of neuropeptides detected by LC-ESI-MS was slightly larger, the two methods were highly complementary, indicating the potential for the CE-MALDI-MSI method to uncover previously undetected neuropeptides in the crustacean nervous system. These results indicate the potential of CE-MALDI-MSI for routine use in neuropeptide research.