Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity: Linking Postprandial Metabolism to Metabolic Dysfunction

Abstract

Obesity is a major global health concern due to its strong association with systemic complications, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD). In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing attention as critical mediators of intercellular communication, offering novel insights into the complex molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying obesity. EVs are cell-derived microparticles that encapsulate bioactive molecules and are released by virtually all cell types, exerting systemic effects on distant tissues. In obesity and other metabolic disorders, alterations in the number, size, and molecular cargo of EVs suggest their involvement in disease progression and associated pathologies. This review explores the potential of EVs as both biomarkers and active contributors to metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, it examines the impact of the profound metabolic tsunami that occur postprandially on EV load and functionality. By integrating recent findings, this review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the interplay between obesity, EVs, and metabolic health while highlighting potential strategies to mitigate metabolic complications through targeted nutritional and lifestyle interventions.