Advances in radiative cooling materials for building energy efficiency: a decade of progress

Abstract

Cooling systems are responsible for consuming 15% of global electricity and contributing to 10% of global carbon emissions. The emerging radiative sky cooling (RSC) technology provides an efficient means to dissipate building heat through the atmospheric window and reduce reliance on evaporation–compression cooling systems. Extensive global efforts have demonstrated the significant energy-saving potential of RSC technology in buildings. In this critical review, we present a comprehensive analysis of the advancements made in RSC technology over the past decade, a fast-developing period, to further facilitate its practical applications in buildings. Firstly, we discuss the detailed design requirements of building-integrated RSC materials, emphasizing the need for large-scale implementation, cost-effectiveness, multiple color options, durability, bifunction and self-adaption. Subsequently, we systematically examine the cooling performance and the existing challenges associated with various RSC materials to clarify their applications in buildings. Furthermore, we delve into the discussions on the utilization of RSC materials in buildings, focusing on three main areas: direct building cooling, building cooling devices, and systems. Finally, we address the remaining challenges and provide our insights to propel the advancement of practical applications of RSC technology.