Unraveling the solvent stability on the cathode surface of Li–O2 batteries by using in situ vibrational spectroscopies

Abstract

In aprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries, solvent properties are crucial in the charge/discharge processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the solvent stability at the cathode surface during the oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is essential for the rational design of high-performance electrolytes. In this study, the stability of typical solvents, a series of glyme solvents with different chain lengths, has been investigated during the ORR/OER by in situ vibrational spectroscopy measurements of sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The structural evolution and decomposition mechanism of the solvents during ORR/OER have been discussed based on the observations. Our results demonstrate that superoxide (O₂⁻) generated during the ORR plays a critical role in the stability of the solvents.