Multifunctional conductive hydrogels and their applications as smart wearable devices

Zhen Chen, Yujie Chen, Mikael S. Hedenqvist, Chi Chen, Chao Cai, Hua Li, Hezhou Liu and Jun Fu

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2021, 9, 2561
DOI: 10.1039/D0TB02929G

Dialdehyde xylan-based sustainable, stable, and catalytic liquid metal nano-inks

Xiang Hao, Nan Li, Hairong Wang, Siyu Jia, Qiaoling Liu and Feng Peng

Green Chem., 2021, 23, 7796
DOI: 10.1039/D1GC02696H

Liquid metal–hydrogel composites for flexible electronics

Jianhui Chen, Gongwei Tian, Cuiyuan Liang, Dan Yang, Qinyi Zhao, Yan Liu and Dianpeng Qi

Chem. Commun., 2023, 59, 14353
DOI: 10.1039/D3CC04198K

Stretchable and adhesive bilayers for electrical interfacing

Yuli Song, Kai Chen, Shimeng Chen, Linyuan Zhang, Yaqiang Wang, Kai Wu, Canhua Xu, Bo Li, Jinyu Zhang, Gang Liu and Jun Sun

Mater. Horiz., 2025, 12, 1981
DOI: 10.1039/D4MH01166J

New insights on the structure and properties of liquid metals

Shreya Singh, Rahul Kumar, Raj Kumar Mishra and R. Lalneihpuii

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2026, 28, 5561
DOI: 10.1039/D5CP03735B

Stretchable and tough conductive hydrogels for flexible pressure and strain sensors

Zhenwu Wang, Yang Cong and Jun Fu

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2020, 8, 3437
DOI: 10.1039/C9TB02570G

Recyclable, weldable, mechanically durable, and programmable liquid metal-elastomer composites

Guokang Chen, Xiaobo Deng, Lifei Zhu, Stephan Handschuh-Wang, Tiansheng Gan, Ben Wang, Qixing Wu, Hui Fang, Nailin Ren and Xuechang Zhou

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 10953
DOI: 10.1039/D0TA11403K

Skin-inspired laminated liquid metal doped hydrogel with mechanical toughness and high electrical conductivity

Junlong Wang, Xiaosheng Huo, Wenjun Huang, Junbin Xu, Pengcheng Yu, Xiangqian Zhang, Zhenhua Cong and Jian Niu

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 19412
DOI: 10.1039/D4TC03817G

Naturally sourced hydrogels: emerging fundamental materials for next-generation healthcare sensing

Zhenwu Wang, Hua Wei, Youju Huang, Yen Wei and Jing Chen

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023, 52, 2992
DOI: 10.1039/D2CS00813K

Liquid metal-created macroporous composite hydrogels with self-healing ability and multiple sensations as artificial flexible sensors

Zhixing Zhang, Lin Tang, Can Chen, Huitao Yu, Huihui Bai, Ling Wang, Mengmeng Qin, Yiyu Feng and Wei Feng

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 875
DOI: 10.1039/D0TA09730F

Photolithography–enabled direct patterning of liquid metals

Roozbeh Abbasi, Mohannad Mayyas, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Franco Centurion, Jiong Yang, Maricruz Saborio, Francois-Marie Allioux, Jialuo Han, Jianbo Tang, Michael J. Christoe, K. M. Mohibul Kabir, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh and Md. Arifur Rahim

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 7805
DOI: 10.1039/D0TC01466D

Intrinsically stretchable sheath-core ionic sensory fibers with well-regulated conformal and reprogrammable buckling

Chenglong He, Shengtong Sun and Peiyi Wu

Mater. Horiz., 2021, 8, 2088
DOI: 10.1039/D1MH00736J

Facile solvent-free synthesis of multifunctional and recyclable ionic conductive elastomers from small biomass molecules for green wearable electronics

Chao Dang, Fang Peng, Hongchen Liu, Xiao Feng, Yu Liu, Songnan Hu and Haisong Qi

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 13115
DOI: 10.1039/D1TA01659H

High-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators featuring embedded organic nanodroplets for self-powered sensors

Hai Li and Sooman Lim

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 14894
DOI: 10.1039/D2TA02276A

Self-healing liquid metal hydrogel for human–computer interaction and infrared camouflage

Xiaofei Li, Miao Jiang, Yiming Du, Xin Ding, Chao Xiao, Yanyan Wang, Yanyu Yang, Yizhi Zhuo, Kang Zheng, Xianglan Liu, Lin Chen, Yi Gong, Xingyou Tian and Xian Zhang

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 2945
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH00341H

A paradigm shift from traditional non-contact sensors to tele-perception

Jiaxin Guo, Yan Du, Zhonglin Wang and Di Wei

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 8939
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA09222H

Industrially-friendly rapid printing of stretchable liquid metal circuits for patch-mode wearable healthcare devices

Yanling Jia and Ke Zhang

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 16757
DOI: 10.1039/D3TC03612J

Smart materials for flexible electronics and devices: hydrogel

Taposhree Dutta, Pavan Chaturvedi, Ignacio Llamas-Garro, Jesús Salvador Velázquez-González, Rakesh Dubey and Satyendra Kumar Mishra

RSC Adv., 2024, 14, 12984
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01168F

Liquid metal dispersion by self-assembly of natural phenolics

Franco Centurion, Maricruz G. Saborío, Francois-Marie Allioux, Shengxiang Cai, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh and Md. Arifur Rahim

Chem. Commun., 2019, 55, 11291
DOI: 10.1039/C9CC06081B

Facile gelation of a fully polymeric conductive hydrogel activated by liquid metal nanoparticles

Ming Wang, Xiao Feng, Xijun Wang, Songnan Hu, Cunzhi Zhang and Haisong Qi

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 24539
DOI: 10.1039/D1TA07254D

Multifunctionally wearable monitoring with gelatin hydrogel electronics of liquid metals

Ximin Yuan, Pengcheng Wu, Qing Gao, Jie Xu, Bin Guo and Yong He

Mater. Horiz., 2022, 9, 961
DOI: 10.1039/D1MH02030G

Human-tissue-inspired anti-fatigue-fracture hydrogel for a sensitive wide-range human–machine interface

Gehong Su, Jie Cao, Xueqian Zhang, Yulin Zhang, Shuya Yin, Liyang Jia, Quanquan Guo, Xinxing Zhang, Junhua Zhang and Tao Zhou

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 2074
DOI: 10.1039/C9TA08111A

Triple crosslinking conductive hydrogels with digitally printable and outstanding mechanical stability for high-resolution conformable bioelectronics

Elahe Parvini, Abdollah Hajalilou, Pedro Alhais Lopes, Miguel Soares Maranha Tiago, Anibal T. de Almeida and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Soft Matter, 2022, 18, 8486
DOI: 10.1039/D2SM01103D

Tunable plasmonic gallium nano liquid metal from facile and controllable synthesis

Xin Gao, Xingce Fan and Jiuyang Zhang

Mater. Horiz., 2021, 8, 3315
DOI: 10.1039/D1MH01101D

Bio-macromolecular design roadmap towards tough bioadhesives

Hossein Montazerian, Elham Davoodi, Avijit Baidya, Maryam Badv, Reihaneh Haghniaz, Arash Dalili, Abbas S. Milani, Mina Hoorfar, Nasim Annabi, Ali Khademhosseini and Paul S. Weiss

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2022, 51, 9127
DOI: 10.1039/D2CS00618A

Multi-role conductive hydrogels for flexible transducers regulated by MOFs for monitoring human activities and electronic skin functions

Mansoor Khan, Tanzil Ur Rahman, Luqman Ali Shah, Hazizan Md Akil, Jun Fu and Hyeong-Min Yoo

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 6190
DOI: 10.1039/D4TB00718B

Toughening hydrogels through a multiscale hydrogen bonding network enabled by saccharides for a bio-machine interface

Yuhang Ye, Xun Niu, Kelvin Zheng, Zhangmin Wan, Wucheng Zhang, Qi Hua, Jiaying Zhu, Zhe Qiu, Siheng Wang, He Liu, Scott Renneckar, Orlando Rojas and Feng Jiang

Mater. Horiz., 2025, 12, 1878
DOI: 10.1039/D4MH01645A

Implantable hydrogels as pioneering materials for next-generation brain–computer interfaces

Wasid Ullah Khan, Zhenzhen Shen, Samuel M. Mugo, Hongda Wang and Qiang Zhang

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 2832
DOI: 10.1039/D4CS01074D

Recent advances in conductive hydrogels: classifications, properties, and applications

Tianxue Zhu, Yimeng Ni, Gill M. Biesold, Yan Cheng, Mingzheng Ge, Huaqiong Li, Jianying Huang, Zhiqun Lin and Yuekun Lai

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023, 52, 473
DOI: 10.1039/D2CS00173J

Electromagnetic three dimensional liquid metal manipulation

Jinwon Jeong, Jeong-Bong Lee, Sang Kug Chung and Daeyoung Kim

Lab Chip, 2019, 19, 3261
DOI: 10.1039/C9LC00503J

Anisotropic liquid metal–elastomer composites

Lifei Zhu, Yuzhen Chen, Wenhui Shang, Stephan Handschuh-Wang, Xiaohu Zhou, Tiansheng Gan, Qixing Wu, Yizhen Liu and Xuechang Zhou

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 10166
DOI: 10.1039/C9TC03222C

An information encrypted heterogeneous hydrogel with programmable mechanical properties enabled by 3D patterning

Yuhang Ye, Zhengyang Yu, Yifan Zhang and Feng Jiang

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 2667
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH00234A

Fabrication of CA–K+/P(AM–MBA)/AgNPs–K+ hydrogel with ion-electron synergistic conduction and ion-covalent dual-network enhancement and its flexible sensing performance

Yihan Yan, Shenghua Lv, Yuanyuan Qiang, Jialong She, Xingzhong Cao, Tingxiang He and Leipeng Liu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2026, 381, 125218
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125218

Facile preparation and high performance of wearable strain sensors based on ionically cross-linked composite hydrogels

Jiahui Bai, Ran Wang, Mingxi Ju, Jingxin Zhou, Lexin Zhang and Tifeng Jiao

Sci. China Mater., 2021, 64, 942
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-020-1507-0

Super-stretchable and adhesive cellulose Nanofiber-reinforced conductive nanocomposite hydrogel for wearable Motion-monitoring sensor

Fei Huang, Wei Wei, Qiandan Fan, Lvgang Li, Mengmeng Zhao and Zuowan Zhou

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 615, 215
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.117

Smart Antifreeze Hydrogels with Abundant Hydrogen Bonding for Conductive Flexible Sensors

Bailin Dai, Ting Cui, Yue Xu, Shaoji Wu, Youwei Li, Wu Wang, Sihua Liu, Jianxin Tang and Li Tang

Gels, 2022, 8, 374
DOI: 10.3390/gels8060374

A Review on Soft Ionic Touch Point Sensors

Gibeom Lee, Donghyun Lee, Gwang‐Bum Im and Younghoon Lee

Energy & Environ Materials, 2024, 7
DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12794

Solid-liquid two-phased gallium-stannum binary metals enabled flexible and stretchable electronic circuit for interactive electronic devices

Yumeng Xin, Biao Zhou, Haiyuan Shao, Yinghui Liu, Chuanzhou Tao, Huiyan Wang, Jiancheng Zhou and Jiuyang Zhang

Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2026, 69
DOI: 10.1007/s11431-025-3191-8

Self-healing, EMI shielding, and antibacterial properties of recyclable cellulose liquid metal hydrogel sensor

Xuezhen Feng, Chao Wang, Shibin Shang, He Liu, Xujuan Huang, Jianxin Jiang, Zhanqian Song and Haibo Zhang

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 311, 120786
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120786

Liquid Metals as Initiators of Free‐Radical Polymerization of Hydrogels: A Perspective

Syed Ahmed Jaseem, Pooria Rahmani, Tushar Sakorikar, Jinwoo Ma, Omar Almutairi, Maxim A. Voinov, Alex I. Smirnov, Baihang Chen and Michael D. Dickey

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202514024

Time-efficient in situ fabrication of large-scale, mechanical robust, self-adhesive, electrically conductive hydrogel as epidermal electronic skin

Yu-Qin Yang, Xuyang Feng, Xiao-Wen Pang, Yu-Tong Xu, Baiyu Jiang, Yigang Xu, Junru Wen, Li-Xiu Gong, Long-Cheng Tang, Binghao Wang and Shi-Neng Li

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2026, 261, 242
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2025.09.075

Self‐Assembly Enabled Printable Asymmetric Self‐Insulated Stretchable Conductor for Human Interface

Salahuddin Ahmed, Marzia Momin, Jiashu Ren, Hyunjin Lee and Tao Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400082

4D Printing of Magnetically Responsive Materials and Their Applications

Yunfang Bai, Siying Zhu, Jin Liang, Ruizhe Xing and Jie Kong

Research, 2025, 8
DOI: 10.34133/research.0847

Fast Coating of Polydopamine Enables Scratch/Moisture Resistant Flexible Electronics

Jie Qi, Chen Hang, Yuan Gao and Xingyu Jiang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 25393
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03412

Mechanically-directed assembly of nanostructured biopolymer with tunable anisotropy, hierarchy, and functionality

Lei Li, Alberto R. Escobar, Somayeh Zanganeh, Manik Dautta, M.M.H. Sajeeb, Fan Ye, Jens T. Escobar and Peter Tseng

Next Materials, 2024, 2, 100140
DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100140

Nanoconfined eutectogel engineered with environmentally resistant properties for wireless sensing

Lin Zhu, Jiaxin Shen, Zijian Gao, Huihui Shi, Guoju Zhang, Xiaoyue Zhang, Shuangying Lei and Kuibo Yin

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 533, 174774
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2026.174774

Seconds Timescale Synthesis of Highly Stretchable Antibacterial Hydrogel for Skin Wound Closure and Epidermal Strain Sensor

Yanni Bi, Mimi Sun, Yuanyuan Zhang, Fuxin Sun, Yan Du, Jingjuan Wang, Ming Zhou and Chong‐Bo Ma

Adv Healthcare Materials, 2024, 13
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302810

A wide sensing range and high sensitivity flexible strain sensor based on carbon nanotubes and MXene

Bingbing Xu, Feng Ye, Ronghu Chen, Xiaogang Luo, Guangtao Chang and Ruoxin Li

Ceramics International, 2022, 48, 10220
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.235

A multifunctional hydrogel fabricated via ultra-fast polymerization by graphene oxide-adsorbed liquid metal nanodroplets

Yaotian Su, Jiawei Zhao, Wenwei Zhan, Haocheng Yuan, Lingyun Wu, Gang Sui and Hongtao Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 435, 135018
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135018

Stretchable and Conductive Li-Complexed Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanofibrils/Elastomer Composites for Printed Electronic Skins

Hyo Jung Son, Seongsik Jeong, Inyoung Jeong, Hae-Jin Kim and Minwoo Park

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2022, 5, 13027
DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02810

Photochemical Patterning and Characterization of Mechanical Properties on Soft Materials

Jun H. Park, Patrick J. Grimes, Henry E. Symons, Nicoletta Braidotti, Sebastien Rochat, Mark S. Workentin and Pierangelo Gobbo

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202416095

Hydrogel machines

Xinyue Liu, Ji Liu, Shaoting Lin and Xuanhe Zhao

Materials Today, 2020, 36, 102
DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.12.026

Ultrafast gelling using sulfonated lignin-Fe3+ chelates to produce dynamic crosslinked hydrogel/coating with charming stretchable, conductive, self-healing, and ultraviolet-blocking properties

Qinhua Wang, Xiaofeng Pan, Changmei Lin, Xiaojuan Ma, Shilin Cao and Yonghao Ni

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 396, 125341
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125341

Stretch induced thermal conduction anisotropy of hydrogel

Tonghao Wu, Jinye Zhu, Honghui Yu, Shaoxing Qu and Wei Yang

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 185, 122445
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122445

Highly Stretchable Sensitive Multiscale Hydrogel Inspired by Biological Muscles for Wearing Sensors

Wenhui Zhao, Yao Li, Jing Tian, Qinqin Cui, Chenyang Tang, Fawen Yin, Longquan Xu, Sheng Cheng and Xu Fei

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 58313
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12118

Highly stretchable, self-healing, antibacterial, conductive, and amylopectin-enhanced hydrogels with gallium droplets loading as strain sensors

Feihong Hu, Baoting Dong, Dehai Yu, Rui Zhao, Wei Chen, Zhaoping Song, Peng Lu, Fengshan Zhang, Zhaojiang Wang, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang, Wenxia Liu and Huihui Li

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 342, 122357
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122357

Room‐Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices

Guixuan Lu, Erli Ni, Yanyan Jiang, Weikang Wu and Hui Li

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147

Highly robust, self-adhesive, self-healing, pH-responsive, cytocompatible and degradable collagen/PVA/tannin-based conductive hydrogel sensor for motion-monitoring

Xin Shi, Maohua Lan, Jiachang Liu, Jin Zhou and Haibin Gu

Polymer, 2024, 308, 127365
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127365

Facile preparation and performance of flexible sensors based on polyacrylamide/carboxymethylchitosan/tannin acid hydrogels

Haochen Liu, Bei Huang, Guipin Ke, Zheng Cao, Junfeng Cheng, Dong Wang, Fangli Sun, Wenzhong Ma and Chunlin Liu

Journal of Polymer Science, 2024, 62, 4953
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20240292

A Laminated Gravity‐Driven Liquid Metal‐Doped Hydrogel of Unparalleled Toughness and Conductivity

Qingtian Zhang, Hongda Lu, Guolin Yun, Liping Gong, Zexin Chen, Shida Jin, Haiping Du, Zhen Jiang and Weihua Li

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202308113

Liquid-metals-induced formation of MXene/polyacrylamide composite organohydrogels for wearable flexible electronics

Minying Wu, Bin Chen, Xueliang Fan, Tong Ye, Yuanyuan Fang, Qian Zhang, Fangzhou Zhou, Yajun Wang and Yi Tang

Nano Res., 2024, 17, 1913
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-6010-6

Graphene Oxide Encapsulating Liquid Metal to Toughen Hydrogel

Yijie Hu, Hao Zhuo, Yu Zhang, Haihong Lai, Jiwang Yi, Zehong Chen, Xinwen Peng, Xiaohui Wang, Chuanfu Liu, Runcang Sun and Linxin Zhong

Adv Funct Materials, 2021, 31
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202106761

A wearable conductive hydrogel with triple network reinforcement inspired by bio-fibrous scaffolds for real-time quantitatively sensing compression force exerted on fruit surface

Zhichao Yang, Ziqiang Qin, Menglu Wu, Haimin Hu, Pengcheng Nie, Yong Wang, Qilei Li, Di Wu, Yong He and Kunsong Chen

Journal of Advanced Research, 2025, 73, 161
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.09.002

Application of conductive polymer hydrogels in flexible electronics

Xin Guo, Jiean Li, Fanyu Wang, Jia‐Han Zhang, Jing Zhang, Yi Shi and Lijia Pan

Journal of Polymer Science, 2022, 60, 2635
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210933

Self-healing and recyclable biomass aerogel formed by electrostatic interaction

Jiyu Yang, Longfei Yi, Xiao Fang, Yongjiao Song, Lijuan Zhao, Jinrong Wu and Hong Wu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 371, 213
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.057

A Simple and Cost-Effective Method for Producing Stable Surfactant-Coated EGaIn Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

Bingbing Xu, Feng Ye, Guangtao Chang and Ruoxin Li

Materials, 2020, 13, 3753
DOI: 10.3390/ma13173753

Multifunctional Ternary Hybrid Hydrogel Sensor Prepared via the Synergistic Stabilization Effect

Ruixin Tang, Qingyu Meng, Zhaosong Wang, Chengjiang Lu, Minghao Zhang, Caicai Li, Yingying Li, Xiaoping Shen and Qingfeng Sun

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 57725
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17895

Liquid Metal-Triggered Assembly of Phenolic Nanocoatings with Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties

Franco Centurion, Rashin Namivandi-Zangeneh, Nieves Flores, Mohammad Tajik, Salma Merhebi, Roozbeh Abbasi, Mohannad Mayyas, Francois-Marie Allioux, Jianbo Tang, William A. Donald, Cyrille Boyer, Michael D. Dickey, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh and Md. Arifur Rahim

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2021, 4, 2987
DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c00125

Conductive Gels for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Generation: Materials Design Strategies, Properties, and Applications

Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul Bari, Jae-Ho Jeong and Hasi Rani Barai

Materials, 2024, 17, 2268
DOI: 10.3390/ma17102268

NIR-responsive multi-healing HMPAM/dextran/AgNWs hydrogel sensor with recoverable mechanics and conductivity for human-machine interaction

Jie Ding, Zi Qiao, Yusheng Zhang, Danrui Wei, Suping Chen, Jiajia Tang, Lu Chen, Dan Wei, Jing Sun and Hongsong Fan

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 247, 116686
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116686

Liquid metal integrated cellulose nanocrystal/polyacrylic acid dual-network hydrogel towards high-performance wearable sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding

Yuchen Tian, Yan Zhu, Kunpeng Qian, Miao Miao, Jinhong Ye and Xin Feng

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2026, 251, 124
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2025.06.035

Conductive Hydrogels: Progress and Prospects in Biomedical Engineering

Lin Guan, Xingchen Li and Hongkai Zhao

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2026, 47
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202500889

Liquid metal polymer composites: from printed stretchable circuits to soft actuators

Carmel Majidi, Kaveh Alizadeh, Yunsik Ohm, Andre Silva and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Flex. Print. Electron., 2022, 7, 013002
DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ac515a

Study on the actuation mechanism of liquid metal thermosensitive hydrogel soft robot

Lin Xu, Yabing Yang, Jiaqi Li, Wenlong Pan, Tao Li, Si Chen and Jianning Ding

Materials Letters, 2023, 350, 134889
DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134889

Liquid Metal–Polymer Hydrogel Composites for Sustainable Electronics: A Review

Abdollah Hajalilou

Molecules, 2025, 30, 905
DOI: 10.3390/molecules30040905

Strong and Multifunctional Lignin/Liquid Metal Hydrogel Composite as Flexible Strain Sensors

Jing Luo, Yaxin Hu, Shipeng Luo, Xinran Wang, Shuhao Chen, Manying Zhang, Jie Jiang, Liyang Liu and Hengfei Qin

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 7105
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00940

Flexible wearable sensors - an update in view of touch-sensing

Chi Cuong Vu, Sang Jin Kim and Jooyong Kim

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021, 22, 26
DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1862629

Development of hierarchically constructed robust multifunctional hydrogels for sensitive strain sensors by using guar gum and polydopamine to encapsulate liquid metal droplets

Bingyan Wang, Wenxia Liu, Xiaona Liu, Duo Chen, Zhaoping Song, Dehai Yu, Guodong Li, Huili Wang and Shaohua Ge

Applied Materials Today, 2023, 35, 101961
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101961

Skin-Integrated Soft Wearable XR Interfaces for Seamless and Realistic User Experience

Kyung Rok Pyun, Jung Jae Park, Jiyong Ahn, Yoon Seon Lee, Hongchan Kim, Jinsol Kim, Sangjin Yoon, Kyoung-Ho Ha, Deog-Gyu Seo, John A. Rogers and Seung Hwan Ko

Chem. Rev., 2025, 125, 11567
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00966

Liquid Metal Composites

Sen Chen, Hong-Zhang Wang, Rui-Qi Zhao, Wei Rao and Jing Liu

Matter, 2020, 2, 1446
DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.016

Biocomposite silk fibroin hydrogel with stretchability, conductivity and biocompatibility for wireless strain sensor

Rongjie Wang, Qiaoyun Liu, Jingjiang Wei, Chenglong Zhu, Yanze Wang, Aixi Yu, Weimin Wang, Ji Zou, Jingjing Xie and Zhengyi Fu

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2025, 210, 195
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.05.021

Unique and Excellent Paintable Liquid Metal for Fluorescent Displays

Liangfei Duan, Yumin Zhang, Jianhong Zhao, Jin Zhang, Qian Li, Yu Chen, Jing Liu and Qingju Liu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 23951
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02714

Facile preparation of stretchable and multifunctional ionic gels via frontal polymerization of polymerizable ternary deep eutectic monomers with a long pot life

Shengfang Li, Yang Jiang, Yongfa Zhu, Jifang Fu and Shilin Yan

Colloid Polym Sci, 2023, 301, 19
DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05035-4

Liquid Metal-Tailored PEDOT:PSS for Noncontact Flexible Electronics with High Spatial Resolution

Bin Chen, Minying Wu, Shenwen Fang, Yudong Cao, Liyuan Pei, Haibin Zhong, Chang Sun, Xianglong Lin, Xuanyang Li, Jianfeng Shen and Mingxin Ye

ACS Nano, 2022, 16, 19305
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08760

Highly sensitive, stretchable and durable strain sensors based on conductive double‐network polymer hydrogels

Kaiqi Pan, Shuhua Peng, Yingying Chu, Kang Liang, Chun H. Wang, Shuying Wu and Jiangtao Xu

Journal of Polymer Science, 2020, 58, 3069
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200567

Ultrarobust Photothermal Materials via Dynamic Crosslinking for Solar Harvesting

Xin Huang, Jize Liu, Peng Zhou, Gehong Su, Tao Zhou, Xinxing Zhang and Chuhong Zhang

Small, 2022, 18
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104048

A tough lignin/nanocellulose based hydrogels strain sensor with ultrafast gelling process

Jianbo Huang, Yang Yang, Lumen Chao, Wen Liu, Hongkai Li, Lijun Zhao and Xueming Zhang

Cellulose, 2025, 32, 2289
DOI: 10.1007/s10570-025-06394-1

Smart hydrogels with liquid metals: Structural design, properties, and applications

Shengbo Geng, Qin Qin, Gaigai Duan, Xiaoshuai Han, Chunmei Zhang, Shuijian He, Chunxin Ma, Haimei Mao and Shaohua Jiang

Polymer, 2025, 323, 128171
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128171

Preparation of stretchable and self-healable dual ionically cross-linked hydrogel based on chitosan/polyacrylic acid with anti-freezing property for multi-model flexible sensing and detection

Yongzhi Liang, Yuexin Shen, Xingyue Sun and Haiyi Liang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 193, 629
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.060

Preparation and application of gallium-based conductive materials in the very recent years

XinPeng Wang, JiaRui Guo and Liang Hu

Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2021, 64, 681
DOI: 10.1007/s11431-020-1733-x

A Conductive Hydrogel Based on GaIn and PVA/PAA/Fe3+ for Strain Sensor and Physiological Signal Detection

Danyang Wang, Lu Qin, Weihu Yang, Ye He, Songyue Zhang, Yulu Yang, Kun Xu, Pengfei Gao, Jinxiu Yu and Kaiyong Cai

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2021, 3, 5268
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01063

Carbon Nanotubes/Hydrophobically Associated Hydrogels as Ultrastretchable, Highly Sensitive, Stable Strain, and Pressure Sensors

Zhihui Qin, Xia Sun, Qingyu Yu, Haitao Zhang, Xiaojun Wu, Mengmeng Yao, Wenwen Liu, Fanglian Yao and Junjie Li

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 4944
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21659

Liquid Metal Supercooling for Low‐Temperature Thermoelectric Wearables

Mohammad H. Malakooti, Navid Kazem, Jiajun Yan, Chengfeng Pan, Eric J. Markvicka, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski and Carmel Majidi

Adv Funct Materials, 2019, 29
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201906098

Reprocessable, Highly Transparent Ionic Conductive Elastomers Based on β-Amino Ester Chemistry for Sensing Devices

Yilifan Aierken, Yunsheng Xu, Shuangfei Xiang, Wenjun Peng, Xianming Zhang, Minna Hakkarainen and Piming Ma

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 25374
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03559

Hierarchical looping results in extreme extensibility of silk fibre composites produced by Southern house spiders ( Kukulcania hibernalis )

Daniele Liprandi, Martin Ramírez, Sascha Schlüter, Lucas Baumgart, Anna-Christin Joel, Peter Michalik and Jonas O. Wolff

Interface Focus., 2024, 14
DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0071

Polyacrylamide/Chitosan-Based Conductive Double Network Hydrogels with Outstanding Electrical and Mechanical Performance at Low Temperatures

Jing Cong, Zhiwei Fan, Shaoshan Pan, Jie Tian, Weizhen Lian, Shan Li, Sijie Wang, Dongchang Zheng, Chunguang Miao, Weiping Ding, Taolin Sun and Tianzhi Luo

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 34942
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08421

Stretchable slide-ring supramolecular hydrogel for flexible electronic devices

Shuaipeng Wang, Yong Chen, Yonghui Sun, Yuexiu Qin, Hui Zhang, Xiaoyong Yu and Yu Liu

Commun Mater, 2022, 3
DOI: 10.1038/s43246-022-00225-7

Skin‐Inspired, Multifunctional, and 3D‐Printable Flexible Sensor Based on Triple‐Responsive Hydrogel for Signal Conversion in Skin Interface Electronics Health Management

Shuhuai Zheng, Lingyang Ruan, Fanmao Meng, Zhihong Wu, Yiyao Qi, Yukui Gao and Weizhong Yuan

Small, 2025, 21
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202408745

Controlled Assembly of Liquid Metal Inclusions as a General Approach for Multifunctional Composites

Michael J. Ford, Dinesh K. Patel, Chengfeng Pan, Sarah Bergbreiter and Carmel Majidi

Advanced Materials, 2020, 32
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002929

An ultrahigh fatigue resistant liquid crystal elastomer-based material enabled by liquid metal

Hai-Feng Lu, Zhen-Zhou Nie, Hari Krishna Bisoyi, Meng Wang, Shuai Huang, Xu-Man Chen, Zhi-Yang Liu and Hong Yang

Sci. China Mater., 2022, 65, 1679
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-021-1966-6

Neural network inspired bionic ordered structure polyaniline gel for wearable sensor

Kaiwen Zhang, Li Chen, Yao Li, Xu Fei, Jing Tian, Longquan Xu and Yi Wang

European Polymer Journal, 2024, 217, 113314
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113314

Rapid gelation of mechanical robust, conductive, and self-healing lignocellulosic nanofibrils hydrogel toward flexible sensor over a broad temperature spectrum

Zhi-Chao Xu, Yu-Qin Yang, Xiao-Wen Pang, Baiyu Jiang, Peng-Fei Mao, Li-Xiu Gong, Binghao Wang, Li Peng, Long-Cheng Tang and Shi-Neng Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 503, 158243
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.158243

Recent Advances in Touch Sensors for Flexible Wearable Devices

Abdul Hakeem Anwer, Nishat Khan, Mohd Zahid Ansari, Sang-Soo Baek, Hoon Yi, Soeun Kim, Seung Man Noh and Changyoon Jeong

Sensors, 2022, 22, 4460
DOI: 10.3390/s22124460

Semi-IPN ionogel based on poly (ionic liquids)/xanthan gum for highly sensitive pressure sensor

Yantong Wu, Yuanyuan Ren, Yuanyuan Liang and Yongjin Li

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 223, 327
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.263

Pervasive liquid metal printed electronics: From concept incubation to industry

Sen Chen and Jing Liu

iScience, 2021, 24, 102026
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102026

Highly Elastic, Sensitive, Stretchable, and Skin-Inspired Conductive Sodium Alginate/Polyacrylamide/Gallium Composite Hydrogel with Toughness as a Flexible Strain Sensor

Qinglong Cao, Zhen Shu, Taoyi Zhang, Wenxi Ji, Jing Chen and Yun Wei

Biomacromolecules, 2022, 23, 2603
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00329

Liquid‐Metal‐Enabled Materials Design for Soft Electronics

Jiarui Wang, Chong Zhang, Peng Zhao, Mohammad H. Malakooti and Chengfeng Pan

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202530806

Myelin Sheath-Inspired Hydrogel Electrode for Artificial Skin and Physiological Monitoring

Chencong Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Shitao Shi, Yubo Zheng, Zewei Ye, Jiaqi Liao, Qingfeng Sun, Baokang Dang and Xiaoping Shen

ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 27420
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07677

Liquid Metal/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Composite Hydrogels with Multi-Stage Gauge Factors, Pressure Resistance, and Wide pH Stability

Xinyu He, Hongyue Wang, Ji Wang, Xiwen Xian, Jinwen Wu, Fang Zuo, Caixia Zhou, Shuai He and Fujian Xu

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2025, 7, 11713
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.5c02223

Digital Light Processing of Three‐dimensional Liquid Metal Hydrogels

Junjie Du, Yuting Wang, Wenbo Zhao, Qinghe Cao, Yingyi Cui, Fan Bu and Cao Guan

Advanced Materials, 2026
DOI: 10.1002/adma.73495

A Multifunctional Skin‐Like Sensor Based on Liquid Metal Activated Gelatin Organohydrogel

Shuai Xu, Yan Zong, Jianzhong Ma and Leipeng Liu

Adv Materials Inter, 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202201212

Water‐Resistant Conductive Gels toward Underwater Wearable Sensing

Junjie Wei, Peng Xiao and Tao Chen

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211758

Mechanical-vibration-induced supercooling suppression enables facile phase transition of liquid metal

Jialu Wang, Hongda Lu, Zhisheng Lv, Shi-Yang Tang, Jian Shu, Haiping Du, Shiwu Zhang and Weihua Li

Applied Materials Today, 2026, 48, 103115
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2026.103115

A gradient-distributed liquid-metal hydrogel capable of tunable actuation

Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Chi Chen, Hafeez Ur Rehman, Hezhou Liu, Hua Li and Mikael S. Hedenqvist

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 421, 127762
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127762

Notch-Insensitive, Ultrastretchable, Efficient Self-Healing Supramolecular Polymers Constructed from Multiphase Active Hydrogen Bonds for Electronic Applications

JianHua Xu, Peng Chen, JiaWen Wu, Po Hu, YongSheng Fu, Wei Jiang and JiaJun Fu

Chem. Mater., 2019, 31, 7951
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02136

A stretchable, environmentally tolerant, and photoactive liquid metal/MXene hydrogel for high performance temperature monitoring, human motion detection and self-powered application

Wei Zhang, Pei-Lin Wang, Ling-Zhi Huang, Wen-Yan Guo, Jinjin Zhao and Ming-Guo Ma

Nano Energy, 2023, 117, 108875
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108875

Integration of hydrogen bonding interaction and Schiff-base chemistry toward self-healing, anti-freezing, and conductive elastomer

Chuanwei Lu, Chunpeng Wang, Jifu Wang, Qiang Yong and Fuxiang Chu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 425, 130652
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130652

A self-healing electrically conductive organogel composite

Yongyi Zhao, Yunsik Ohm, Jiahe Liao, Yichi Luo, Huai-Yu Cheng, Phillip Won, Peter Roberts, Manuel Reis Carneiro, Mohammad F. Islam, Jung Hyun Ahn, Lynn M. Walker and Carmel Majidi

Nat Electron, 2023, 6, 206
DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-00932-0

Laser-Induced High-Throughput Printing of Liquid Metal

Yanzhen Zhang, Mingyu Yan, Jianhao Zhu and Haifeng Zang

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2023, 5, 6094
DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01065

A versatile approach for preparing stable and high concentration liquid metal nanoparticles on a large scale

Bingbing Xu, Guangtao Chang and Ruoxin Li

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021, 42, 1756
DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1798776

Liquid metal-embedded magnetic hydrogel beads as novel adsorbents for malachite green removal

Peiyi Li, Jinxue Zhao, Xuejing Zhai, Xinghai Wang, Yahui Wen and Lidong Wu

Food Chemistry, 2025, 464, 141842
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141842

Ultra‐Sensitive, Deformable, and Transparent Triboelectric Tactile Sensor Based on Micro‐Pyramid Patterned Ionic Hydrogel for Interactive Human–Machine Interfaces

Kai Tao, Zhensheng Chen, Jiahao Yu, Haozhe Zeng, Jin Wu, Zixuan Wu, Qingyan Jia, Peng Li, Yongqing Fu, Honglong Chang and Weizheng Yuan

Advanced Science, 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104168

Hydrogel-Based Bioelectronics and Their Applications in Health Monitoring

Jiangbo Hua, Mengrui Su, Xidi Sun, Jiean Li, Yuqiong Sun, Hao Qiu, Yi Shi and Lijia Pan

Biosensors, 2023, 13, 696
DOI: 10.3390/bios13070696

Polyvinyl Alcohol-Stabilized Liquid Metal Hydrogel for Wearable Transient Epidermal Sensors

Meihong Liao, Hui Liao, Jingjing Ye, Pengbo Wan and Liqun Zhang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 47358
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16675

Adhesive, stretchable and antibacterial hydrogel with external/self-power for flexible sensitive sensor used as human motion detection

Zixuan Zhou, Zhirui He, Shiwu Yin, Xiaoyun Xie and Weizhong Yuan

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 220, 108984
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108984

Preparation of liquid metal/thermoplastic polyurethane composites with enhanced thermal conductivity via rolling regulation

Xiaochun Yin, Zhen Tian, Guangjian He and Zhitao Yang

Journal of Polymer Engineering, 2025, 45, 155
DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2024-0133

Unique Surface Fluorescence Induced from the Core–Shell Structure of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals Prepared by Thermal Oxidation Processing

Liangfei Duan, Yumin Zhang, Jianhong Zhao, Jin Zhang, Qian Li, Qingjie Lu, Li Fu, Jing Liu and Qingju Liu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 39654
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12420

Novel Anticorrosion Property of Organic Coating Based on Liquid Metal

Yunlei Zhang, Zhaoxia Li, Qian Ye, QiangLiang Yu, Xiaowei Pei, Bo Yu and Feng Zhou

Adv Materials Inter, 2019, 6
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201900942

Conductive Eutectogels Fabricated by Dialdehyde Xylan/Liquid Metal-Initiated Rapid Polymerization for Multi-Response Sensors and Self-Powered Applications

Jiyou Yang, Yin Yan, Lingzhi Huang, Mingguo Ma, Mingfei Li, Feng Peng, Weiwei Huan and Jing Bian

ACS Nano, 2025, 19, 2171
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11127

Nano‐Biomedicine based on Liquid Metal Particles and Allied Materials

Xuyang Sun, Bo Yuan, Hongzhang Wang, Linlin Fan, Minghui Duan, Xuelin Wang, Rui Guo and Jing Liu

Advanced NanoBiomed Research, 2021, 1
DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000086

Materials design and integration strategies for soft bioelectronics in digital healthcare

Hye Jin Kim, Ja Hoon Koo, Seunghwan Lee, Taeghwan Hyeon and Dae-Hyeong Kim

Nat Rev Mater, 2025, 10, 654
DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00819-w

Strong and crack-resistant hydrogel derived from pomelo peel for highly sensitive wearable sensors

Baisong Yang, Wenhui Chen, Xiaohong Zhou, Fandong Meng, Chuyang Chen, Quan Liu, Qian Li, Xin Wang, Peng Xu, Yifeng Lei and Longjian Xue

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431, 134094
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134094

Synthesis of Superelastic, Highly Conductive Graphene Aerogel/Liquid Metal Foam and its Piezoresistive Application

Jinlong Ma, Rui Yan, Xiaoye Wo, Yanpeng Cao, Xiao Yu, Aijun Li, Jian Huang, Fenghua Li, Liqiang Luo and Qixian Zhang

Chemistry A European J, 2024, 30
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303594

Liquid Metal Gallium Drives Glycosidic Bonding of Glucose

Masoomeh A. Laskoukalayeh, Nur‐Adania Nor‐Azman, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Yuqin Wang, Nieves Flores, Shih‐Hao Chiu, Junma Tang, Francois‐Marie Allioux and Kourosh Kalantar‐Zadeh

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202526210

Highly sensitive and self-healing conductive hydrogels fabricated from cationic cellulose nanofiber-dispersed liquid metal for strain sensors

Shihao Wu, Bingyan Wang, Duo Chen, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang, Zhaoping Song, Dehai Yu, Guodong Li, Shaohua Ge and Wenxia Liu

Sci. China Mater., 2023, 66, 1923
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-022-2328-8

Printing of liquid metal by laser-induced thermal bubble at the solid–liquid interface

Yanzhen Zhang, Jianhao Zhu, Mingyu Yan, Fenglin Hao, Guofang Hu, Zihao Li, Weiwei He, Yuyao Wu, Boce Xue, Runsheng Li and Shaoguang Teng

Optics & Laser Technology, 2024, 177, 111228
DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111228

Ultra-fast preparation of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with high mechanical strength, self-healing and self-adhesive properties based on Tara Tannin-Fe3+ dynamic redox system for strain sensors applications

Jiachang Liu, Song Bao, Qiangjun Ling, Xin Fan and Haibin Gu

Polymer, 2022, 240, 124513
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124513

Topological cyclodextrin nanoparticles as crosslinkers for self-healing tough hydrogels as strain sensors

Junmin Chen, Xiubin Xu, Mingzhu Liu, Yunlong Li, Danfeng Yu, Yu Lu, Meiting Xiong, Ian Wyman, Xuefeng Xu and Xu Wu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 264, 117978
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117978

Highly Stretchable yet Degradable and Recyclable Conductive Composites with Liquid Metal Nanodroplets as Physical Crosslinks

Dingling Zhong, Shiyang Shi, Xiaolong Yang, Stephan Handschuh‐Wang, Yaokang Zhang, Tiansheng Gan and Xuechang Zhou

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202308032

Force Sensor for Multiphysical Quantity Detection and Its Validation Through Random Test

Chieh-Cheng Wang, Chen-Hao Hung, Yu-Wen Chen and Cheng-Yao Lo

IEEE Sensors J., 2025, 25, 23692
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3565603

Super Tough Hydrogels with Self-adaptive Network Facilitated by Liquid Metal

Rong-Ze Gao, Yu-Xi Li, Jian-Hui Yan, Xue-Rui Ma and Xu-Ming Xie

Chin J Polym Sci, 2023, 41, 866
DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2874-2

Polymerization of moldable self-healing hydrogel with liquid metal nanodroplets for flexible strain-sensing devices

Jie Xu, Zengbin Wang, Jun You, Xiankai Li, Mingjie Li, Xiaochen Wu and Chaoxu Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 392, 123788
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123788

A Strong and Double‐sided Self‐Adhesive Hydrogel Sensor

Rongnian Xu, Yingying Lai, Jianping Liu, Qiangbing Wei, Wenbo Sheng, Shuanhong Ma, Ziqiang Lei and Feng Zhou

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2023, 44
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300182

Hybrid Metallic Foam with Superior Elasticity, High Electrical Conductivity, and Pressure Sensitivity

Yan Peng, Huaizhi Liu, Tuoqi Li and Jiuyang Zhang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 6489
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20652

Magnetic and Conductive Liquid Metal Gels

Salma Merhebi, Mohannad Mayyas, Roozbeh Abbasi, Michael J. Christoe, Jialuo Han, Jianbo Tang, Md Arifur Rahim, Jiong Yang, Thiam Teck Tan, Dewei Chu, Jin Zhang, Sean Li, Chun H. Wang, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh and Francois-Marie Allioux

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 20119
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03166

Nanocatalysts Induced Self-Triggering Leather Skin for Human-Machine Interaction

Diandian Dong, Yang Yang, Hua Zhang, Yuan He, Jie Tang, Ziyang Wang, Yong Mei Chen, Yoshihiro Ito, Hideyuki Miyatake, Jianzhong Ma and Kai Zhang

SSRN Journal, 2022
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4196421

Nanofibrillar Poly(vinyl alcohol) Ionic Organohydrogels for Smart Contact Lens and Human-Interactive Sensing

Xiang-Jun Zha, Shu-Ting Zhang, Jun-Hong Pu, Xing Zhao, Kai Ke, Rui-Ying Bao, Lu Bai, Zheng-Ying Liu, Ming-Bo Yang and Wei Yang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 23514
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06263

Liquid metal-facilitated flexible electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane fibrous mats with aligned wavelike structure for strain and triboelectric double-mode sensing

Jiannan Li, Yi Zhao, Xinxin Zhao, Wei Zhai, Kun Dai, Chuntai Liu and Changyu Shen

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2024, 179, 108031
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108031

In situ interfacial engineering enabled mechanically adaptive and highly stretchable liquid metal conductor

Shuang-Man Xie, Xing Zhao, Li-Mei Peng, Peng Yu, Xiang-Jun Zha, Kai Ke, Rui-Ying Bao, Ming-Bo Yang and Wei Yang

Polymer, 2022, 240, 124482
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124482

Bread-inspired rapid gelation-induced bubble “growth-fixation” strategy to fabricate macroporous hydrogels for flexible sensors

Yu Jiang, Yixiang Chen, Wanqi Feng, Xun Zhang, Siqi Zhang, Xin Zhong, Yashu Han, Dan Yu and Wei Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 521, 166923
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166923

Liquid metal and Mxene enable self-healing soft electronics based on double networks of bacterial cellulose hydrogels

Ming Wang, Orlando J. Rojas, Like Ning, Yuehu Li, Xun Niu, Xuetong Shi and Haisong Qi

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 301, 120330
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120330

Liquid metals in plastics for super-toughness and high-performance force sensors

Yang Lou, Huaizhi Liu and Jiuyang Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 399, 125732
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125732

3D Printed Ultrasensitive Graphene Hydrogel Self-Adhesive Wearable Devices

Zhaolong Wang, Haoyong Song, Lei Chen, Wenhao Li, Dongsheng Yang, Ping Cheng and Huigao Duan

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2022, 4, 5199
DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c00867

Aqueous condition-tolerated high internal phase oil-in-water Pickering emulsion as building block for engineering 3D functional materials

Xiao He, Jianbo Liu, Zhangkang Li, Moriah Samchek, Ian Gates, Jinguang Hu and Qingye Lu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446, 137162
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137162

Interactive Aqueous Ink from Core‐Shell Liquid Metal and PEDOT:PSS

Hao Peng, Yan Peng, Jingyun Lan, Jiancheng Zhou and Jiuyang Zhang

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202200740

3D printable ionic conductive hydrogels with super stretch and self-adhesion performances for flexible sensors

Xinqiang Xu, Pan Jiang, Di Liu, Yang Lyu, Xinyan Shi, Zhongying Ji and Xiaolong Wang

Giant, 2024, 17, 100237
DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2024.100237

Transient Electrically Driven Stiffness-Changing Materials from Liquid Metal Polymer Composites

Yumeng Xin, Tenglong Gao, Jun Xu, Jiuyang Zhang and Dongfang Wu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 50392
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15718

Liquid Metal Aerogel With Janus Architecture for Selective Direction Recognition and High‐Efficiency Moisture Energy Harvesting

Jing Cui, Xiankai Li and Yanzhi Xia

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202408998

On‐Demand Operando Embolization by Rapid Sonodynamic Gelation of Liquid Metal‐Embedded Hydrogels for Effective and Durable Tumor Treatment

Wei Xia, Zeyan Zhou, Rongrong Liu, Yangzhen Hou, Ruiwen Cheng, Yaheng Cao, Xiaojun Jiang, Kang Jiang, Yilong Jing, Bingbing Li, Menghui Liu, Weihua Liao and Qunhong Weng

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202518664

One-Way Continuous Deposition of Monolayer MXene Nanosheets for the Formation of Two Confronting Transparent Electrodes in Flexible Capacitive Photodetector

Hyun-Su Lim, Jung-Min Oh and Jong-Woong Kim

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 25400
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05769

Integration of metal-free ATRP and Diels-Alder reaction toward sustainable and recyclable cellulose-based thermoset elastomers

Chuanwei Lu, Xiaoliang Guo, Chunpeng Wang, Jifu Wang and Fuxiang Chu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 242, 116404
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116404

Encapsulation of liquid metal nanoparticles inside metal–organic frameworks for hydrogel-integrated dual functional biotherapy

Juanjuan Li, Zhenzhen Fu and Yong Liu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 457, 141302
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.141302

Capillary-Based Microfluidic Fabrication of Liquid Metal Microspheres toward Functional Microelectrodes and Photothermal Medium

Pengcheng Lin, Zhan Wei, Qi Yan, Jiajin Xie, Yufeng Fan, Minghui Wu, Ying Chen and Zhengdong Cheng

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 25295
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03007

A Flexible Sensing Material with High Force and Thermal Sensitivity Based on GaInSn in Capillary Embedded in PDMS

Fandou Bao, Fengyao Ni, Qianqian Zhai, Zhizhuang Sun, Xiaolin Song and Yu Lin

Polymers, 2024, 16, 3426
DOI: 10.3390/polym16233426

Advances of liquid metal hydrogel composites in biomedical applications

Junbo Chen, Xiao Yan, Tianzhen Zhang, Xiao Yuan and Qiang Zhang

Biomed. Mater., 2024, 19, 012001
DOI: 10.1088/1748-605X/ad08e2

Design and Network Architectures of Conductive Hydrogels: Properties, Functionalities, and Emerging Applications

Shahab Moghari, Hasan Rezaei Haghighat, Ghasem Naderi and Hossein Ali Khonakdar

Polymer Engineering & Sci, 2025, 65, 6479
DOI: 10.1002/pen.70189

Biocompatible Collagen/Liquid Metal/Carbon Nanotube Hydrogel for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding in Bioelectronics

Xinghai Wang, Hao Tang, Yahui Wen, Jinxue Zhao, Peiyi Li, Wei Xia, Liping Guo, Zhao Li and Lidong Wu

ACS Sens., 2025, 10, 8754
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c02645

Air-Writing Recognition Enabled by a Flexible Dual-Network Hydrogel-Based Sensor and Machine Learning

Derrick Boateng, Xukai Li, Weiyao Wu, Anqi Yang, Anadil Gul, Yan Kang, Lin Yang, Jifang Liu, Hongbo Zeng, Hao Zhang and Linbo Han

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 54555
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10168

Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal–Agarose Hydrogel

Kudzanai Nyamayaro, Parya Keyvani, Francesco D’Acierno, Jade Poisson, Zachary M. Hudson, Carl A. Michal, John D. W. Madden, Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos and Parisa Mehrkhodavandi

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 52182
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15601

Development of Conductive Hydrogels for Fabricating Flexible Strain Sensors

Gang Li, Chenglong Li, Guodong Li, Dehai Yu, Zhaoping Song, Huili Wang, Xiaona Liu, Hong Liu and Wenxia Liu

Small, 2022, 18
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101518

Multifunctional Liquid‐Free Ionic Conductive Elastomer Fabricated by Liquid Metal Induced Polymerization

Ming Wang, Zhibin Lai, Xiaolin Jin, Taolin Sun, Hongchen Liu and Haisong Qi

Adv Funct Materials, 2021, 31
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202101957

Liquid‐Metals‐Based Polymer Mixtures, Composites, and Hybrids Perform Differently on Wearable Electronics

Xinyu Zeng, Yanfen Wan and Peng Yang

Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 64, 628
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20250907

Nanocatalysts induced self-triggering leather skin for human–machine interaction

Diandian Dong, Yang Yang, Hua Zhang, Yuan He, Jie Tang, Ziyang Wang, Yong Mei Chen, Yoshihiro Ito, Hideyuki Miyatake, Jianzhong Ma and Kai Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 454, 140269
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140269

Ultra‐Stretchable and Environmentally Resilient Hydrogels Via Sugaring‐Out Strategy for Soft Robotics Sensing

Yuhang Ye, Zhangmin Wan, P.D.S.H. Gunawardane, Qi Hua, Siheng Wang, Jiaying Zhu, Mu Chiao, Scott Renneckar, Orlando J. Rojas and Feng Jiang

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202315184

Highly stretchable and conductive liquid metal-reinforced interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel for wearable devices

Jialan Tang, Haozhou Shu, Jiawei Lu, Taotian Zhang, Shiqi Huang and Ling Zhang

Polymer, 2025, 336, 128825
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128825

Bioinspired electrically conductive hydrogels: Rational engineering for next-generation flexible mechanosensors

Bohui Zheng, Hongwei Zhou, Guoxu Zhao, Kexuan Wang, Ping Wu, Hanbin Liu, Peng Wang, Yao Yao and Feng Xu

Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2025, 166, 101080
DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2025.101080

Sensitivity‐Enhanced Skin‐Attachable Strain Sensors Using Multi‐Material Printed Bioinspired Heterogeneous Moduli Structures for Proprioceptive Training

Yuanlong Li, Rongzan Lin, Xianheng Wang, Haojie Li, Yuqiu Chen, Boxuan Zhang, Yanlin Zhang, Yu Pan, Xinming Qiu and Ran Liu

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201714

High Colloidal Stable Carbon Dots Armored Liquid Metal Nano‐Droplets for Versatile 3D/4D Printing Through Digital Light Processing (DLP)

Linan Wang, Junle Zhang, Xi Zhang, Ge Shi, Yanjie He, Zhe Cui, Xiaomeng Zhang, Peng Fu, Minying Liu, Xiaoguang Qiao and Xinchang Pang

Energy & Environ Materials, 2024, 7
DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12609

Solid–Liquid Host–Guest Composites: The Marriage of Porous Solids and Functional Liquids

Zhizhi Sheng, Yi Ding, Guangyong Li, Chen Fu, Yinglai Hou, Jing Lyu, Kun Zhang and Xuetong Zhang

Advanced Materials, 2021, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104851

Lignin in situ self-assembly facilitates biomimetic multiphase structure for fabricating ultra-strong and tough ionic conductors for wearable pressure and strain sensors

Xinyu Wang, Yi Shen, Shijian Xu, Caoxing Huang, Chenhuan Lai, Qiang Yong, Fuxiang Chu, Hassan Algadi, Daihui Zhang, Chuanwei Lu and Jifu Wang

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2023, 6
DOI: 10.1007/s42114-023-00658-9

Recent progress of flexible pressure sensors: from principle, structure to application characteristics

Shimin Liu, Guilei Liu, Jianlong Qiu, Lei Yang and Yanjie Guo

Flex. Print. Electron., 2024, 9, 023001
DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad396e

A Highly Stretchable Force Sensitive and Temperature Sensitive Sensor Material with the Sandwich Structure of PDMS + PDMS/GaInSn + PDMS

Rongmin Zhang, Qianqian Zhai, Fandou Bao, Di Zhao, Zhihua Lu, Jing Wang and Weina Wang

Polymers, 2023, 15, 3776
DOI: 10.3390/polym15183776

Liquid Metal Nanoparticles Physically Hybridized with Cellulose Nanocrystals Initiate and Toughen Hydrogels with Piezoionic Properties

Pooria Rahmani, Akbar Shojaei, Tushar Sakorikar, Meixiang Wang, Yuniva Mendoza-Apodaca and Michael D. Dickey

ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 8038
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11063

Lignin Nanosphere‐Modified MXene Activated‐Rapid Gelation of Mechanically Robust, Environmental Adaptive, Highly Conductive Hydrogel for Wearable Sensors Application

Zi‐Fan Zeng, Yu‐Qin Yang, Xiao‐Wen Pang, Baiyu Jiang, Li‐Xiu Gong, Zonglin Liu, Li Peng and Shi‐Neng Li

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202409855

Real-time strain sensor based on biomass hydrogel fast prepared via gallic acid-Fe3+ redox chemistry

Yashu Han, Yu Jiang, Xin Zhong, Xianhui Shi, Dan Yu and Wei Wang

Chemical Engineering Science, 2026, 325, 123410
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2026.123410

4D Printing of High-Performance Thermal-Responsive Liquid Metal Elastomers Driven by Embedded Microliquid Chambers

Lu-yu Zhou, Jiang-hao Ye, Jian-zhong Fu, Qing Gao and Yong He

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 12068
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22433

Rapidly polymerized multifunctional hydrogel sensor initiated by nanocellulose‐stabilized MXene‐coated liquid metal for advanced wearable applications

Xu Huang, Carlos Jonay Jiménez, Maria Guix, Cristina Madrid Xufré, Yisimayili Tuersun and Sheng Chu

Rare Metals, 2025, 44, 6402
DOI: 10.1007/s12598-025-03359-y

Bioinspired Self‐Growing Hydrogels by Harnessing Interfacial Polymerization

Nannan Jian, Rui Guo, Lei Zuo, Yibo Sun, Yu Xue, Ji Liu and Kai Zhang

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210609

Highly Stretchable Hydrogels as Wearable and Implantable Sensors for Recording Physiological and Brain Neural Signals

Quanduo Liang, Xiangjiao Xia, Xiguang Sun, Dehai Yu, Xinrui Huang, Guanghong Han, Samuel M. Mugo, Wei Chen and Qiang Zhang

Advanced Science, 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201059

Structures, properties, and applications of zwitterionic polymers

Keyu Qu, Zhiang Yuan, Yanyan Wang, Zhaohui Song, Xuyang Gong, Yi Zhao, Qiyu Mu, Qinghong Zhan, Wenlong Xu and Linlin Wang

ChemPhysMater, 2022, 1, 294
DOI: 10.1016/j.chphma.2022.04.003

Liquid Metal–Mediated Mechanochemical Polymerization

Tiansheng Gan, Stephan Handschuh‐Wang, Wenhui Shang, Jiayan Shen, Lifei Zhu, Qi Xiao, Shuangyan Hu and Xuechang Zhou

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2019, 40
DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900537

Microstructured biphasic hydrogels for highly sensitive and asymmetric sensors with temperature‐dependent sensitivity

Tenglong Gao, Xin Gao, Tuoqi Li and Jiuyang Zhang

Journal of Polymer Science, 2022, 60, 2701
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210720

Lignin nanoparticle/MXene-based conductive hydrogel with mechanical robustness and strain-sensitivity property via rapid self-gelation process towards flexible sensor

Yu-Qin Yang, Xiao-Wen Pang, Zi-Fan Zeng, Zhi-Chao Xu, Yu-Qing Qin, Li-Xiu Gong, Haichang Ding, Jinfeng Dai and Shi-Neng Li

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 291, 139086
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139086

Flexible, Permeable, and Recyclable Liquid‐Metal‐Based Transient Circuit Enables Contact/Noncontact Sensing for Wearable Human–Machine Interaction

Kai Zheng, Fan Gu, Hongjin Wei, Lijie Zhang, Xi'an Chen, Huile Jin, Shuang Pan, Yihuang Chen and Shun Wang

Small Methods, 2023, 7
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201534

Liquid Metal‐Based Organohydrogels for Wearable Flexible Electronics

Bin Chen, Guanglei Liu, Minying Wu, Yudong Cao, Haibin Zhong, Jianfeng Shen and Mingxin Ye

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201919

Integrated wearable sensors with bending/stretching selectivity and extremely enhanced sensitivity derived from agarose-based ionic conductor and its 3D-shaping

Xinran Su, Ramadan Borayek, Xinwei Li, Tun Seng Herng, Dan Tian, Gwendolyn Jia Hao Lim, Yanqing Wang, Jishan Wu and Jun Ding

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 389, 124503
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124503

Liquid Metal-Doped Conductive Hydrogel for Construction of Multifunctional Sensors

Lingtong Zhou, Yuanchang Li, Jingcheng Xiao, Shu-Wei Chen, Qin Tu, Mao-Sen Yuan and Jinyi Wang

Anal. Chem., 2023, 95, 3811
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05118

Cellulose Gel Mechanoreceptors – Principles, Applications and Prospects

Xiaoping Shen, Dawei Zhao, Yanjun Xie, Qingwen Wang, Julia L. Shamshina, Robin D. Rogers and Qingfeng Sun

Adv Funct Materials, 2023, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202214317

Liquid metal–enabled cybernetic electronics

X. Sun, X. Wang, B. Yuan and J. Liu

Materials Today Physics, 2020, 14, 100245
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2020.100245

Long/Short chain Crosslinkers-optimized and PEDOT:PSS-enhanced covalent double network hydrogels rapidly prepared under green LED irradiation as flexible strain sensor

Daolian Zhu, Meng Miao, Xinjing Du, Yuanyuan Peng, Zhen Wang, Shujie Liu and Jinfeng Xing

European Polymer Journal, 2022, 174, 111327
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111327

4D printing of patterned multimaterial magnetic hydrogel actuators

Julia Simińska-Stanny, Martyna Nizioł, Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska, Malwina Brożyna, Adam Junka, Amin Shavandi and Daria Podstawczyk

Additive Manufacturing, 2022, 49, 102506
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102506

Chitin nanocrystals stabilized liquid metal for highly stretchable and anti-freeze hydrogels as flexible strain sensor

Yuqian Xu, Cuiying Tan, Yunqing He, Binghong Luo and Mingxian Liu

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 328, 121728
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121728

A mechanically soft-tissue-like organohydrogel with multi-functionalities for sensitive soft ionotronics

Shuxiang Liu, Yuping Chen, Jin Feng, Junjie Peng, Yaping Zhou, Yang Zhao, Yongpeng Zhao, Zhiwei Lu, Mengmeng Sun, Chun Wu, Haipeng Hu, Hanbing Rao, Tao Zhou and Gehong Su

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 466, 143087
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143087

Dual‐Network Liquid Metal Hydrogel with Integrated Solar‐Driven Evaporation, Multi‐Sensory Applications, and Electricity Generation via Enhanced Light Absorption and Bénard–Marangoni Effect

Zechang Wei, Yibo Wang, Chenyang Cai, Yaoxin Zhang, Shuai Guo, Yu Fu and Swee Ching Tan

Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202206287

Liquid metal based electrical driven shape memory polymers

Xinyu Wang, Jingyun Lan, Pingping Wu and Jiuyang Zhang

Polymer, 2021, 212, 123174
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123174

High‐Performance Pressure Sensors Based on Shaped Gel Droplet Arrays

Zhenwu Wang, Qianyu Cai, Lutong Lu and Pavel A. Levkin

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305214

Fabrication of superhydrophobic electron-conducting hydrogel e-skin with linear sensitivity for underwater monitoring

Ya-ru Ding, Yi-fan Wang, Hao-jie Zhang, Zhe Jia and Jing-jing Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 520, 166249
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166249

Liquid Metal Initiator of Ring‐Opening Polymerization: Self‐Capsulation into Thermal/Photomoldable Powder for Multifunctional Composites

Xiankai Li, Mingjie Li, Qinghui Shou, Li Zhou, Anle Ge, Danfeng Pei and Chaoxu Li

Advanced Materials, 2020, 32
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003553

MXene-composited and B–N coordination mediated organohydrogels with robust elasticity and environment tolerance for flexible sensors

Wuxuan Lei, Lei Ma, Kaixiang Shen, Zheng Liu, Zhenjun Zhou, Yinghui Wang, Yilong Cheng and Luke Yan

Nano Research, 2025, 18, 94907862
DOI: 10.26599/NR.2025.94907862

Applications of Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels

Zhen Qiao, Jesse Parks, Phillip Choi and Hai-Feng Ji

Polymers, 2019, 11, 1773
DOI: 10.3390/polym11111773

Ultra-strong hydroxypropyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel by combination of triple-network and mechanical training

Chuanwei Lu, Chunpeng Wang, Daihui Zhang, Jifu Wang, Qiang Yong and Fuxiang Chu

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 184, 200
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.054

Fluorescent hydrogel with high toughness response based on lanthanide Metals: Material Adhesion, multicolor Modulation, information encryption

Yuhuan Xu, Xiao Zhan, Jingyu Du, Zhongli Wu and Daohai Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 489, 151303
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151303

Highly adhesive conductive hydrogels fabricated by catechol lignin/liquid metal-initiated polymerization of acrylic acid for strain sensors

Dongping Zhao, Jing Luo, Kaili Fang, Caoxing Huang, Xin Zhou and Kankan Jiang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 310, 143438
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143438

Thermoplastic and Electrically Conductive Fibers for Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensors

Yan Li, Hao Peng, Yan Peng, Jiancheng Zhou and Jiuyang Zhang

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2022, 4, 8795
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01199

Ultrafast gelation of multifunctional hydrogel/composite based on self-catalytic Fe3+/Tannic acid-cellulose nanofibers

Yajun Chen, Di Wang, Alfred Mensaha, Qingqing Wang, Yibing Cai and Qufu Wei

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 606, 1457
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.104

Advanced Liquid Metal-Based Hydrogels for Flexible Electronics

Weiwei Zhao, Le Yao, Jiacheng Shen, Shujiao Chen, Shujing Zhu, Shu Chen, Longlu Wang, Yang Li, Shujuan Liu and Qiang Zhao

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 27713
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c05225

Self-Recovery, Fatigue-Resistant, and Multifunctional Sensor Assembled by a Nanocellulose/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomplex-Mediated Hydrogel

Ya Lu, Yiying Yue, Qinqin Ding, Changtong Mei, Xinwu Xu, Qinglin Wu, Huining Xiao and Jingquan Han

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 50281
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16828

Machine-Learning Assisted Handwriting Recognition Using Graphene Oxide-Based Hydrogel

Ying Liu, Fengling Zhuo, Jian Zhou, Linjuan Kuang, Kaitao Tan, Haibao Lu, Jianbing Cai, Yihao Guo, Rongtao Cao, YongQing Fu and Huigao Duan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 54276
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17943

Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

Huaizhi Liu, Yumeng Xin, Hari Krishna Bisoyi, Yan Peng, Jiuyang Zhang and Quan Li

Advanced Materials, 2021, 33
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104634

Recent Development of Self-Powered Tactile Sensors Based on Ionic Hydrogels

Zhen Zhao, Yong-Peng Hu, Kai-Yang Liu, Wei Yu, Guo-Xian Li, Chui-Zhou Meng and Shi-Jie Guo

Gels, 2023, 9, 257
DOI: 10.3390/gels9030257

Liquid Metal–Based Soft Microfluidics

Lifei Zhu, Ben Wang, Stephan Handschuh‐Wang and Xuechang Zhou

Small, 2020, 16
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903841

Modified Ti3C2TX (MXene) nanosheet-catalyzed self-assembled, anti-aggregated, ultra-stretchable, conductive hydrogels for wearable bioelectronics

Qinhua Wang, Xiaofeng Pan, Changmei Lin, Haili Gao, Shilin Cao, Yonghao Ni and Xiaojuan Ma

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 401, 126129
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126129

Kneading‐Inspired Versatile Design for Biomimetic Skins with a Wide Scope of Customizable Features

Jiahui Huang and Peiyi Wu

Advanced Science, 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200108

Effect of Sodium Alginate Modification on Low-Temperature Strain-Sensing Properties of Liquid Metal Hydrogel

Jie Wang, Jie Li, Wenfeng Luo, Qi Liu, Chen Wang, Bing Ren, Yang Cao, Jing Han and Yingchun Li

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2024, 6, 4673
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00221

Highly sensitive, anti-freeze, repairable, and conductive double-network organohydrogel for flexible pressure sensors

Xinlong Liu, Jiazi Ma, Bing Li, Longmeng Du, Chuanjin Wang, Yuan Ji, Wenhui Zheng, Qi Dong, Yong Ma, Tingxi Li and Zaixing Jiang

Polymer, 2024, 298, 126892
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2024.126892

Temperature‐Stress Bimodal Sensing Conductive Hydrogel‐Liquid Metal by Facile Synthesis for Smart Wearable Sensor

Chen Wang, Jie Li, Zhaozhou Fang, Zhirui Hu, Xiaotong Wei, Yang Cao, Jing Han and Yingchun Li

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2022, 43
DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100543

Uniformly sized and self‐assembled maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate/acrylamide terpolymer core–shell nanoparticles fabricated by self‐stabilized precipitation polymerization

Jianfei Li, Hongchi Zhao and Wantai Yang

Journal of Polymer Science, 2024, 62, 5121
DOI: 10.1002/pol.20240213

A Novel Conductive Core–Shell Particle Based on Liquid Metal for Fabricating Real‐Time Self‐Repairing Flexible Circuits

Rongmin Zheng, Zefei Peng, Ying Fu, Zhifu Deng, Shuqi Liu, Shuting Xing, Yaoyi Wu, Junyun Li and Lan Liu

Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910524

Conductive Hydrogels: Bioelectronics and Environmental Applications

Seyedeh-Arefeh Safavi-Mirmahalleh, Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi, Mohammad Reza Saeb and Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 2025, 34, 101213
DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2024.101213

Highly stretchable, durable, and transient conductive hydrogel for multi-functional sensor and signal transmission applications

Yuhang Ye and Feng Jiang

Nano Energy, 2022, 99, 107374
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107374

Flexible Sensor Based on Fe3O4‐COOH@Ti3C2Tx MXene Rapid‐Gelating Hydrogel for Human Motion Monitoring

Yongqin Hu, Chen Hou, Jihe Du, Qianxi Fan, Junan Fang, Yuxia Shi, Guanghao Yang, Jia An and Yufei Liu

Adv Materials Inter, 2022, 9
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202200487

Functionalization of an Electroactive Self-Healing Polypyrrole-Grafted Gelatin-Based Hydrogel by Incorporating a Polydopamine@AgNP Nanocomposite

Shen Wang, Lun Yuan, Zhilang Xu, Xianyu Lin, Liming Ge, Defu Li and Changdao Mu

ACS Appl. Bio Mater., 2021, 4, 5797
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00548

A novel intrinsically strain sensor for large strain detection

Jiang Liu, Biao Lei, Weitao Jiang, Jie Han, Hongjian Zhang and Hongzhong Liu

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2021, 332, 113081
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.113081

Polymer Gel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Conductivity and Morphology Engineering for Advanced Sensing Applications

Sabuj Chandra Sutradhar, Nipa Banik, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman Khan and Jae-Ho Jeong

Gels, 2025, 11, 737
DOI: 10.3390/gels11090737

Determinative Energy Dissipation in Liquid Metal Polymer Composites for Advanced Electronic Applications

Yumeng Xin, Shiliang Zhang, Yang Lou, Jun Xu and Jiuyang Zhang

Adv Materials Technologies, 2020, 5
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000018

Solid–Liquid Composites for Soft Multifunctional Materials

Robert W. Style, Ravi Tutika, Jin Young Kim and Michael D. Bartlett

Adv Funct Materials, 2021, 31
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202005804

Underwater Adhesion and Anti‐Swelling Hydrogels

Siying Wang, Jingying Liu, Leichen Wang, Hao Cai, Qian Wang, Wenjun Wang, Jinjun Shao and Xiaochen Dong

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201477

Rapid gelation of polyacrylic acids-like hydrogel via the dopamine acrylamide-Fe3+ system and its formation mechanism

Yu Jiang, Yixiang Chen, Wanqi Feng, Xin Zhong, Dan Yu and Wei Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 484, 149460
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.149460

Vapor-Mediated Stretchable and Reversible Conductors from Microporous Liquid Metal Polymers

Yumeng Xin, Jingyun Lan, Jun Xu, Dongfang Wu and Jiuyang Zhang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 19351
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03375

Coordination hydrogel enables an extremely stable, highly sensitive, self-healable and robust underwater sensor

Rongli Zhang, Lingran Liu, Zhuo Ge, Hanyu Ren, Wentang Wang, Maiyong Zhu and Chunhui Luo

European Polymer Journal, 2025, 233, 114010
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114010

Biocompatible optical fiber for photomedical application

Ying Guo, Jiahao Zheng, Zhihao Wang, Guoyin Chen, Kai Hou and Meifang Zhu

Giant, 2023, 16, 100195
DOI: 10.1016/j.giant.2023.100195

Gel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible Sensing: Principles, Properties, and Applications

Peng Lu, Xiaofang Liao, Xiaoyao Guo, Chenchen Cai, Yanhua Liu, Mingchao Chi, Guoli Du, Zhiting Wei, Xiangjiang Meng and Shuangxi Nie

Nano-Micro Lett., 2024, 16
DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01432-2

Indentation and temperature response of liquid metal/hydrogel composites

Sooyeon Kim and Jonghwi Lee

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2022, 110, 225
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.059

Liquid Metals and Disulfides: Interactive Metal‐Polymer Hybrids for Flexible and Self‐Healable Conductor

Yumeng Xin, Yang Lou, Huaizhi Liu, Dongfang Wu and Jiuyang Zhang

Adv Materials Technologies, 2021, 6
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000852

Liquid metal integrated PU/CNT fibrous membrane for human health monitoring

Mei-Xi Li, Da-Yong Wu, Rong-Yu Tang, Si-Yuan Zhou, Wei-Hua Liang, Jing Liu and Lei Li

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 2023, 11
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1169411