An excimer process induced a turn-on fluorescent probe for detection of ultra-low concentration of mercury ions

Abstract

The accumulation of mercury pollution in plants can induce severe injury to human beings. It is a great challenge to monitor ultra-low concentrations of mercury in complicated matrixes. In this study, we successfully developed a strategy via Hg²⁺-triggered naphthalene-based fluorescent probe 1, which formed excimer that subsequently emitted fluorescence for the successful detection of ultra-low concentrations of Hg²⁺. The coordination of N and S atoms with Hg²⁺ facilitated the formation of excimer from the naphthalene-conjugated planes that were in sufficiently close proximity. Suppression of CN bond rotation also induced the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect, and the cumulative result of these effects was obvious fluorescent enhancement. Compared with probe 2, the other key factor for detection of Hg²⁺ is that the electrons of the hydroxyl group can easily transfer to a naphthalene moiety, resulting in an augmented π-electron density that enhanced the π–π stacking of the naphthalene-conjugated excimer. After detailed spectral studies and mechanism discussions, it was realized that probe 1 was able to detect ultra-low concentrations of Hg²⁺ in PBS buffer solution. The detection limit was calculated to be 1.98 nM. On account of the excellent performances, the probe was successfully applied in monitoring Hg²⁺ in water and pea sprouts with the potential for application as an advanced warning of contamination.